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The Relational Trauma of Incest: A Family-Based Approach to Treatment
by Marcia Sheinberg Peter FraenkelThis book presents an innovative approach to navigating the painful confusions and dilemmas experienced by families in which incest has occurred. The authors show that while not all incestuously abused children experience the classic diagnostic symptoms of trauma, virtually all do experience "relational trauma" disruptions in the sense of safety, security, loyalty, and trust that may block connection and open communication with nonoffending family members.
Relational Treatment of Trauma: Stories of loss and hope (Relational Perspectives Book Series)
by Toni HeinemanRelational Treatment of Trauma: Stories of loss and hope is the culmination of over 35 years of psychotherapy with children and adults, many of whom have suffered the effects of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. It addresses a gap in the literature on the treatment of trauma and chronic loss that are ubiquitous parts of life in foster care. While "trauma-informed care" has received considerable attention recently, there is little that focuses on the consequences of repeated, unexpected, and unexplained or unexplainable losses of caregivers. Relational Treatment of Trauma explores the ways in which those experiences arise in the therapeutic relationship and shows how to help clients build the trust necessary for establishing healthier, and more satisfying and hopeful relationships. Toni Heineman introduces and reinforces the concept of the relationship as the most powerful agent of therapeutic change. She highlights the ways in which clinicians can build and sustain a relationship with clients whose experience of trauma can make them wary of trusting, illustrating this theme throughout the book with compelling case vignettes. The book is especially valuable for psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and family therapists working with those who have suffered traumatic loss. It is essential reading for clinicians in the early part of their career, working with traumatized individuals for the first time. Dr. Heineman has practiced in San Francisco for over 35 years, working with children, adults, and families. She is the founder and executive director of A Home Within. Dr. Heineman presents and publishes widely.
A Relational View on Cultural Complexity: Implications for Theory and Practice (Relational Economics and Organization Governance)
by Julika Baumann Montecinos Tobias Grünfelder Josef WielandThis book explores the conceptual and practical implications of applying a relational view to cultural complexity. The authors take the findings of an international and interdisciplinary Delphi study on transcultural competence as a starting point and offer further analysis and interpretation from their specific perspectives. Written by experts from a variety of disciplines, the book discusses the potential contributions of a relational approach to understanding and strengthening individuals and organizations in their contexts. Through various conceptual chapters, case studies and field reports, it explores the role and nature of commonalities for cooperation in contexts of cultural complexity and discusses the relationship between differences and commonalities, as well as the implications for relational leadership and management. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which introduces readers to the relational view. In turn, the second part elaborates on transcultural competence, while the third presents various case studies and field reports on experience-based learning and relationality in culturally complex settings. Finally, the fourth part sheds new light on relational leadership and the role of commonalities in organizational practice. As such, this book will appeal to scholars and practitioners in the areas of cultural and relational economics, intercultural communication, business strategy and leadership, and organizational studies.
Relationality: From Attachment to Intersubjectivity (Relational Perspectives Book Series #Vol. 20)
by Stephen A. MitchellIn his final contribution to the psychoanalytic literature published two months before his untimely death on December 21, 2000, the late Stephen A. Mitchell provided a brilliant synthesis of the interrelated ideas that hover around, and describe aspects of, the relational matrix of human experience. Relationality charts the emergence of the relational perspective in psychoanalysis by reviewing the contributions of Loewald, Fairbairn, Bowlby, and Sullivan, whose voices converge in apprehending the fundamental relationality of mind. Mitchell draws on the multiple dimensions of attachment, intersubjectivity, and systems theory in espousing a clinical approach equally notable for its responsiveness and responsible restraint. Relationality "signals a new height in Mitchell's always illuminating writing" (Nancy Chodorow) and marks the "coming of age" of the relational perspective in psychoanalysis (Peter Fonagy).
Relationality: From Attachment to Intersubjectivity (Relational Perspectives Book Series)
by Stephen A. MitchellThis book, first published in the year of the author’s death, expresses Mitchell’s vision for the theory of relational psychoanalysis, and provides his most-developed expression of its foundations. Now republished in this Classic Edition, Mitchell’s ideas are brought back to the psychoanalytic readership, complete with a new introduction by Donnel Stern. In his final contribution to the psychoanalytic literature, the late Stephen A. Mitchell provided a brilliant synthesis of the interrelated ideas that describe the relational matrix of human experience. Relationality charts the emergence of the relational perspective in psychoanalysis by reviewing the contributions of Loewald, Fairbairn, Bowlby, and Sullivan, whose voices converge in apprehending the fundamental relationality of the human mind. Mitchell draws on the multiple dimensions of attachment, intersubjectivity, and systems theory in espousing a clinical approach equally notable for its responsiveness and responsible restraint. This remains a canonical text for all relational psychoanalysts and psychotherapists.
Relationally Queer: A Pink Therapy Guide for Practitioners
by Silva Neves Dominic DaviesRelationally Queer explores diverse intimate relationship styles and the connections with self for clinicians interested in gender, sex and relationship diversity. Offering readers a more inclusive and queer-friendly way of thinking about relationships, the book covers a range of topics that include intersectionality, consensual non-monogamy, working with shame, intimate partner violence, religious identities, and living with HIV. Exploring beyond a Eurocentric perspective, the book features a chapter on African-centred therapy and also includes the relationships of often erased populations such as bisexual people, sex workers, people with chronic health issues and trans people. The book will help psychosexual and relationship therapists, counsellors and psychologists who work with clients of diverse genders, sexualities and relationships.
Relations and Representations: An introduction to the philosophy of social psychological science (Psychology Library Editions: Social Psychology #12)
by John D. GreenwoodWhat is the nature of social psychological science? What does a realist approach to human behaviour offer? Originally published in 1991, this lucid introduction to the philosophy of social psychological science takes a new and original approach to the subject. The author repudiates traditional empiricist and hermeneutical accounts, advancing instead a realist philosophy of social psychological science that maintains objectivity while at the same time stressing the social dimensions of mind and action. The author provides novel perspectives on the problems and potential of those sciences concerned with human behaviours that are constituted as meaningful actions by their social relational, and representational dimensions. He focuses in particular on the social identity of human actions and psychological states, on the objectivity of theoretical description and causal explanation, and on the role of experimentation. This approach, aimed at reconciling our scientific interest with our human intuitions, results in a richer conception of social psychological theory and phenomena than was found in most contemporary theoretical accounts. A stimulating and thought-provoking text, this title will still be of special value to students and teachers of psychology, sociology, anthropology and philosophy.
Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order (Pelican Ser.)
by Erving GoffmanUntil recently, to be in a public place meant to feel safe. That has changed, especially in cities. Urban dwellers sense the need to quickly react to gestural cues from persons in their immediate presence in order to establish their relationship to each other. Through this communication they hope to detect potential danger before it is too late for self-defense or flight. The ability to read accurately the informing signs by which strangers indicate their relationship to one another in public or semi-public places without speaking, has become as important as understanding the official written and spoken language of the country.In Relations in Public, Erving Goff man provides a grammar of the unspoken language used in public places. He shows that the way strangers relate in public is part of a design by which friends and acquaintances manage their relationship in the presence of bystanders. He argues that, taken together, this forms part of a new domain of inquiry into the rules for co-mingling, or public order.Most people give little thought to how elaborate and complex our everyday behavior in public actually is. For example, we adhere to the rules of pedestrian traffic on a busy thoroughfare, accept the usual ways of acting in a crowded elevator or subway car, grasp the delicate nuances of conversational behavior, and respond to the rich vocabulary of body gestures. We behave differently at weddings, at meals, in crowds, in couples, and when alone. Such everyday behavior, though generally below the level of awareness, embodies unspoken codes of social understandings necessary for the orderly conduct of society.
Relationsanalyse (RELAN) - Aussagenlogische, statistische und kausale Analyse von Daten
by Rainer MaderthanerDieses Lehrbuch führt in die Relationsanalyse, eine neue Methode der statistischen Auswertung ein. Das vorliegende Konzept richtet sich keineswegs nur an FachstatistikerInnen, sondern soll für möglichst viele EmpirikerInnen mit etwas statistischem Interesse konkrete Nutzungsanregungen bieten. Diese ist eine logisch-statistische Methode zur Analyse, Exploration und Prüfung von multivariaten, multifunktionalen und kausalen Hypothesen aus verschiedenen Fachgebieten. Zunächst wird die Methode in ihren Grundzügen erklärt und anschließend wird auf die Vorteile dieser Methodik im Vergleich zu bereits bestehenden statistischen Methoden eingegangen. Das dafür spezifisch entwickelte und online verfügbare Computerprogramm RELAN wird detailliert, praxisnah und anhand von Beispielen erklärt. Das Buch eignet sich für LeserInnen verschiedener Interessenslagen und enthält daher eine Leseanleitung, je nachdem, ob man mehr an der Theorie oder der praktischen Nutzung der Methode interessiert ist. Als Anwendungsgebiete kommen Psychologie, Soziologie, Biologie, Medizin, Pharmakologie, Ökonomie, Ökologie, Meteorologie, Astrophysik, … in Frage, in welchen die erforschten Gesetze multikausal, bedingt-kausal, indirekt-kausal und multieffektiv beschrieben werden können.
Relationshift: Unleash the Surprising Power of Relationships to Change Yourself, Remake Your Life, and Achieve Any Business Goal
by Justin BlaneyLearn to leverage your relationships so you can dream bigger, achieve whatever you want, and build a life that makes you happier with each passing day.No greater force for change exists than the people we surround ourselves with. Relationshift explores how the people in your life have colored your worldview, how this limits or expands your options, and what to do about it. Through the stories of British explorer Gertrude Bell, abolitionist hero Frederick Douglass, music icons the Beastie Boys, and many others, this book will help you: Learn how to connect with high-caliber people who can help you go further in life.Understand the rules of life as handed down through countless generations—then learn how to recognize which ones can be bent.Grow in happiness, thankfulness, peace, and contentment while eliminating the power of negative emotions.Explore how our minds reject new concepts like our bodies reject viruses.Build a personal tribe that can help you achieve any goal in work, health, or relationships.Make better choices by learning to see your options more clearly and honing your ability to move quickly with less information.Identify relationships that have the most impact on your wellbeing, for better or worse.Discover and refine the direction of your life by exploring wisdom from twenty experts on purpose. With dozens of illustrations and practical examples, Relationshift will help you take greater control of your life and uncover a path to your best possible future.
Relationship-Based Social Work
by Adrian Ward Danielle Turney Edited by Gillian RuchRelationship-based practice is founded on the idea that human relationships are of paramount importance and should be at the heart of all good social work practice. This book provides a thorough guide to relationship-based practice in social work, communicating the theory using illustrative case studies and offering a model for practice. Case examples cover the different service user groups including children, families, older people, refugees, people with disabilities and people with mental health difficulties. The book explores the ranges of emotions that practitioners may encounter, and covers working in both short-term and long-term relationships. It also outlines key skills for the individual such as how to establish rapport with the client and using empathy to build a relationship, and explores systemic issues such as incorporating service user perspectives and building appropriate support systems for practice, management and leadership. This book will be an invaluable textbook for undergraduate and post-graduate social work students, practitioners on post-qualifying courses and all social work and allied professionals.
Relationship-Based Treatment of Children and Their Parents: An Integrative Guide To Neurobiology, Attachment, Regulation, And Discipline (IPNB #0)
by Elizabeth Sylvester Kat SchererImmediate interventions for struggling families, integrating four distinct areas of psychology. Children and families burdened with attachment disruption, emotional distress, or psychological disorders need effective and immediate assistance. They do not have the time to wait for long-term interventions or developmental changes to improve the parent-child relationship. Here, psychologists Elizabeth A. Sylvester and Kat Scherer provide the most effective approach in such situations: interventions that impact the entire family at relational, emotional, and cognitive-behavioral levels, and that give parents agency to have rapid therapeutic impact on their children’s lives and well-being. This addition to the celebrated Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology integrates four distinct areas of psychology: neurobiology, attachment theory, emotion, and relationship-based discipline. This integration produces a clear point of entry for therapists working with struggling families and provides interventions that are logical, doable, and highly effective.
The Relationship Between Social and Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget Symposia Series)
by Willis F. OvertonPublished in the year 1983, The Relationship Between Social and Cognitive Development is a valuable contribution to the field of Developmental Psychology.
Relationship Coaching: The theory and practice of coaching with singles, couples and parents
by Elaine Cox Yossi IvesRelationship Coaching provides a comprehensive guide to coaching to achieve relationship success and enrichment in three main areas: to help single people to form and secure stable relationships, to assist couples seeking to enhance their relationship and to support parents looking to improve their relationships with their children. Yossi Ives is an experienced relationship coach and Elaine Cox is an expert on developmental coaching approaches. They explain how the fundamental elements of coaching are customised and adapted to meet the needs of relationship enhancement. The book introduces specific coaching theories, processes and techniques through the use of practical case studies, which provide insight into a range of applications and contexts, and introduces new ways of approaching marriage and singles coaching. Relationship Coaching combines an accessible, practical guide with a strong theoretical underpinning. It will be an essential guide for coaches, counsellors and students, as well as other professional helpers including social workers and ministers.
Relationship Counselling for Children, Young People and Families
by Kathryn Geldard David Geldard"If you need one book that's crammed with clinically excellent, genuinely well informed and useful ideas for working with family relationships in all their permutations, this is undoubtedly it" - Professor Colin Feltham, Sheffield Hallam University "This is easy to read and has a clear layout. Counselling MSc students may find it an interesting introduction to the topic" - Times Higher Education Magazine, May 2009 This book is a practical skills-based introduction to relationship counselling. It covers couple counselling for parents, whole-family counselling and counselling for children and young people with regard to their relationships with siblings, peers and parents. The text also includes: o an introduction to relationship counselling theory and concepts o discussion of the importance of relying on a clearly defined theory of change o ways to address parenting issues o an exploration of confidentiality, disclosing inappropriate behaviour and personal safety. Kathryn Geldard and David Geldard present an integrative model of relationship counselling which combines skills and strategies from a number of approaches. Their practical guide integrates individual and subgroup counselling with whole-family counselling, providing much-needed material on methods and approaches for communicating with children and young people. The book will be invaluable to new relationship counsellors learning the skills required in order to bring about change, and will be a useful reference book for experienced counsellors.
Relationship Counselling - Sons and Their Mothers: A Person-Centred Dialogue (Living Therapies Series)
by Richard Bryant-JefferiesYoung men trying to resolve traumatic experiences and relationship issues with their mothers is not an area that has attracted a great deal of attention, and yet it is not uncommon. Peter is 28, still living at home and feeling ‘like I just don’t have a life I can call my own.’ As he tries to remedy this, the reaction he gets is ""So, where have you been?"; "What time do you call this?"; "I’ve been worrying about you" ;"You said you’d be back before now." Any pleasure from his evening melts away and he wonders why on earth is he still in the same house as her. This book uses fictitious dialogue to enable readers to experience the struggle of a young man trying to break free from the damaging and dominating influence of his mother. It contains both counselling sessions and supervision sessions, inviting the reader to step into the therapeutic process and experience Peter (the client) as he struggles to create a life for himself, Michael (his counsellor) seeking to offer and maintain the therapeutic conditions of congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard, and Suzy (Michael’s supervisor). Practical advice, reflections on the counselling process, helpful summaries and points for discussion are highlighted throughout. Counsellors, trainees, supervisors and other health and social care professionals dealing with relationships will find this book valuable reading. Men who have encountered difficult relationships with their mothers are also likely to gain greater insight and find support through reading this book.
The Relationship Cure: A 5 Step Guide to Strengthening Your Marriage, Family, and Friendships
by John GottmanA groundbreaking, practical program for transforming troubled relationships into positive ones“This is the best book on relationships I have ever read. . . . John Gottman has decoded the subtle secrets that can either enrich or destroy the quality of our ties with others.” Daniel B. Wile, Ph.D., author of After the Fight: Using Your Disagreements to Build a Stronger Relationship“John Gottman is our leading explorer of the inner world of relationships. In The Relationship Cure, he has found gold once again.”William J. Doherty, Ph.D., author of Take Back Your Marriage: Sticking Together in a World That Pulls Us Apart“When he says his five steps will help you build better connections with the people you care about, you know that they have been demonstrated to work.” E. Mavis Heatherington, Ph.D., professor of psychology, University of VirginiaFrom the country’s foremost relationship expert and New York Times bestselling author Dr. John M. Gottman comes a powerful, simple five-step program, based on twenty years of innovative research, for greatly improving all of the relationships in your life—with spouses and lovers, children, siblings, and even your colleagues at work. In The Relationship Cure, Dr. Gottman:* Reveals the key elements of healthy relationships, emphasizing the importance of what he calls “emotional connection”* Introduces the powerful new concept of the emotional “bid,” the fundamental unit of emotional connection* Provides remarkably empowering tools for improving the way you bid for emotional connection and how you respond to others’ bids
The Relationship Cure: A 5 Step Guide to Strengthening Your Marriage, Family, and Friendships
by John Gottman Joan DeclaireA groundbreaking, practical program for transforming troubled relationships into positive ones "This is the best book on relationships I have ever read. . . . John Gottman has decoded the subtle secrets that can either enrich or destroy the quality of our ties with others. " Daniel B. Wile, Ph. D. , author ofAfter the Fight: Using Your Disagreements to Build a Stronger Relationship "John Gottman is our leading explorer of the inner world of relationships. InThe Relationship Cure, he has found gold once again. "William J. Doherty, Ph. D. , author ofTake Back Your Marriage: Sticking Together in a World That Pulls Us Apart "When he says his five steps will help you build better connections with the people you care about, you know that they have been demonstrated to work. " E. Mavis Heatherington, Ph. D. , professor of psychology, University of Virginia From the country's foremost relationship expert andNew York Timesbestselling author Dr. John M. Gottman comes a powerful, simple five-step program, based on twenty years of innovative research, for greatly improving all of the relationships in your life--with spouses and lovers, children, siblings, and even your colleagues at work. In The Relationship Cure, Dr. Gottman: * Reveals the key elements of healthy relationships, emphasizing the importance of what he calls "emotional connection" * Introduces the powerful new concept of the emotional "bid," the fundamental unit of emotional connection * Provides remarkably empowering tools for improving the way you bid for emotional connection and how you respond to others' bids
Relationship Enhancement Therapy: Healing Through Deep Empathy and Intimate Dialogue
by Robert F. ScukaRelationship Enhancement Therapy (RE) is a couples-therapy system conceived of, designed, and first implemented by Bernard Guerney Jr., who integrated the client-centered theory of Carl Rogers, the interpersonal theory of Henry Stack Sullivan, the behavior modification and learning theories of Skinner and Bandura, and the psychodynamic theory of Freud, in formulating RE. In this book Dr. Scuka presents an up-to-date, comprehensive theoretical and practical treatment of RE, in which he gives the reader a guide to implementing the principles of this dynamic theory. The book is written principally with couples therapy in mind, although there is an acknowledged relevance to family therapy, and the author calls attention the many skills and therapy techniques that would be applicable to family therapy. Though designed to allow a therapist of any level of experience to begin working with the RE model, this book is more than a standard cookbook, as it considers a variety of special RE therapy techniques, discusses the entire clinical intake process, the application of the RE model to the treatment of affairs, use with difficult clients, and family therapy issues such as domestic violence and stepfamilies.
Relationship Essentials: Skills to Feel Heard, Fight Fair, and Set Boundaries in All Areas of Life
by Lauren Reitsema Joneen MackenzieBuild life-enhancing relationships, restore damaged ones, and prevent communication breakdowns before they happenUsing real-world examples, illustrations from their own lives, and a research-based approach, dynamic daughter-mother duo Lauren Reitsema and Joneen Mackenzie guide you through familiar relationship situations. Their suggestions can be used with your partner, coworkers, children, extended family members, and friends. Drawing from their experience teaching thousands through The Center for Relationship Education, they introduce practical, easy-to-use strategies that will help you communicate more effectively and work through relationship challenges with confidence. When applied in any area of your life, these tools can have seemingly miraculous love- and life-enhancing results.
The Relationship Fix: Dr. Jenn's 6-Step Guide to Improving Communication, Connection & Intimacy
by Jenn MannUsing clinical experience and the latest research, a Marriage & Family Therapist offers a roadmap to navigating issues couples commonly face.Relationships aren’t easy, even the good ones. If you are on the verge of a divorce or break-up, in a great relationship, but want to take it to the next level, or single and want to make sure your next relationship is better, this book is for you. Based on cutting-edge research and almost three decades of clinical experience as a Marriage and Family Therapist in private practice, Dr. Jenn Mann teaches you everything you need to know have a deeper, more satisfying relationship, and the skills to fix one that isn’t working. Reading Dr. Jenn’s book is like sitting down with her for a personal session in her treatment room. Using her tell-it-like-it-is approach, Dr. Jenn guides you through the six steps needed to get your relationship on track and helps you to: * Use conflicts to strengthen your relationship * Create connection with your partner, even if you haven't felt it for years * Change bad patterns * Recognize and know what to do when unresolved issues are hurting the relationship* Negotiate effectively to get your needs met * Make an effective apology using the four R's* Learn to forgive* Reignite your sex life The Relationship Fix is also filled with case studies and stories from Dr. Jenn’s clients on VH1’s Couples Therapy with Dr. Jenn and her popular radio show, and on her own personal experiences.Praise for The Relationship Fix“Dr. Jenn does a wonderful job helping others. She’s a passionate voice for change and will take you on a meaningful journey that’ll change your relationship!” —M. Gary Neuman, New York Times–bestselling author of The Truth about Cheating: Why Men Stray and What You Can Do to Prevent It“A practical, no-nonsense guide with an abundance of information and sound advice. It can help your marriage survive, grow, and flourish.” —Harriet Lerner, PhD, author of The Dance of Anger
The Relationship Inventory
by Godfrey T. Barrett-LennardWritten by a pioneer in person-centered therapy, this is the only resource to provide full access to the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) - along with information on the instrument's history and development and supporting materials for counseling practitioners, researchers, and students. Provides a complete instrument for measuring empathy in relationships, a critical component for success across a wide range of therapeutic interventions Charts the development and refinement of the BLRI over more than 50 years, with particular attention to the influence of Carl Rogers' theories, and outlines the future potential of the instrument Contains all the materials necessary for critical understanding and application of the BRLI, including the full range of forms and adaptations, and guidelines for successful implementation Also presents the author's Contextual Selves Inventory (CSI), which permits direct study of the self as distinctively experienced in different relationship contexts
Relationship Maintenance: Theory, Process, and Context (Advances in Personal Relationships)
by Brian G. Ogolsky J. Kale MonkRelationship maintenance encompasses a wide range of activities that partners use to preserve their relationships. Despite the importance of these efforts, considerably more empirical focus has been devoted to starting (i.e. initiation) and ending (i.e. dissolution) relationships than on maintaining them. In this volume, internationally renowned scholars from a variety of disciplines describe diverse sets of relationship maintenance efforts in order to show why some relationships endure, whereas others falter. By focusing on 'what to do' rather than 'what not to do' in relationships, this book paints a more comprehensive picture of the forms, functions, and contexts of relationship maintenance. It is essential reading for scholars and students in psychology, communication, human development and family science, sociology, and couple/marriage and family therapy.
Relationship Management Of The Borderline Patient: From Understanding To Treatment
by David Dawson Harriet L. MacMillanThis volume offers guidelines for managing the therapist-patient relationship during crisis intervention and longer-term therapy with patients who exhibit borderline symptoms. Since to do no harm is the primary goal of any therapist who encounters such a patient, an appropriate therapist-patient relationship is crucial; moreover, skillful management of this relationship can, in itself, be the most effective and safe treatment. The authors present a conceptual model, based on self psychology and interpersonal theory, for reframing the borderline symptoms and the therapist's reactions. Case examples demonstrate effective relationship management and therapeutic interventions.
The Relationship of Affect and Creativity in Mathematics: How the Five Legs of Creativity Influence Math Talent
by Scott A. Chamberlin Eric L. MannThe Relationship of Affect and Creativity in Mathematics explores the five legs of creativity—Iconoclasm, Impartiality, Investment, Intuition, and Inquisitiveness—as they relate to mathematical giftedness. This book:Discusses these affective components relevant to mathematical learning experiences.Shares how affective components impact students' creative processes and products.Shows the influence of learning facilitators, including teachers, afterschool mentors, and parents.Describes facilitating environments that may enhance the likelihood that creative process and ultimately product emerge.Utilizes the expertise of two young scholars to discuss the practical effects of affect and creativity in learning experiences.This practical, research-based book is a must-read for stakeholders in gifted education, as many advanced students are underidentified in the area of creativity in mathematics.