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Chinese Language and Culture Education: Representation, Imagination and Ideology of China in Australian Schools (The Routledge Series on Chinese Language Education)
by Chunyan ZhangAgainst the background of the Australian government’s strategic plan to promote Asian languages in schools, this book is an innovative autoethnographic inquiry into what actually occurs in the implementation of a Chinese language and culture program in an Australian context.Drawing on eight years of socio-cultural and educational fieldwork in a primary school, Chunyan Zhang examines complex, fluid and heterogeneous daily teaching practices and the ways in which ideas of China are assembled, presented and performed. She asks the following questions: What is China? Where does Taiwan fit into the China depicted in a multicultural, globalised classroom? Can Chinese communism or Chairman Mao be avoided in teaching English-speaking learners? What kind of China is brought in here while what kind of China is being silenced and othered? Through the partial connection between method assemblage and Daoist concepts, Zhang develops a water-like pedagogy in teaching. She uses the knowledge flow model to examine the imbalanced knowledge flow within teacher-student interactions. From finding China as a hybrid assemblage to proposing China as method, Zhang’s investigation makes an important contribution to the sociology of Chinese language education.This book is an essential and rich content resource for primary and secondary teacher education and research, teacher candidates and educators in Chinese as a second language education.
Chinese Legal Translation: An Analysis of Conditional Clauses in Hong Kong Bilingual Ordinances (Routledge Studies in Chinese Translation)
by Wang YanChinese Legal Translation analyses and investigates the Chinese translation of conditional clauses introduced by various introductory words in Hong Kong bilingual ordinances within the framework of descriptive translation studies and translation typology. This book explores the text typology of Hong Kong bilingual ordinances and highlights differences and similarities between different translations of conditional clauses in the Hong Kong context. Based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis of conditional clauses of the Companies Ordinance, the book summarises the frequency of introductory words of conditional clauses and generalises guiding patterns for writing conditional clauses and translating conditional clauses. The book is significant in providing both theoretical foundations for legal translation and practical guidance for translating legal conditional clauses. This book is primarily targeted for scholars and professionals who are interested in legal writing and legal translation, as well as for students and practitioners in legal translation.
Chinese Signs: An Introduction to China's Linguistic Landscape
by null Zheng-sheng ZhangHighlighting stylistic and rhetorical characteristics, this fully illustrated book explores the written form of Mandarin Chinese in a range of everyday settings. Taking examples from Chinese public writing across a variety of textual genres, such as signs, banners and advertisements, it prepares students for navigating 'real world' Chinese, not only in terms of its linguistic and stylistic characteristics, but also its social and cultural context. Drawing over 500 pictorial examples from the linguistic landscape, it explores the signs from a variety of perspectives, for example by highlighting elements of classical Chinese that are still used in the modern language, showing the most popular rhetorical patterns used in Chinese, and presenting the interactions between both Standard Mandarin and dialect, and Chinese and other languages. Detailed annotations are provided for all signs, in both Chinese and English, to accommodate readers of all proficiency levels in Chinese.
Chinese Sociolinguistics: Language and Identity in Greater China
by Chunsheng YangChinese Sociolinguistics examines the ways in which language contributes to shaping social, cultural, and ethnic identities in Greater China. This book is the first textbook to be exclusively devoted to the issues of language, society, and identity in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and overseas Chinese communities (the Greater China). The book includes topics on the role of language in Chinese culture; the linguistic indexing of socioeconomic class; dialects and regional language variation; the impacts of state policies; linguistic borrowings; bilingualism and bicultural identity; and language shift and attrition. The emergence of new forms of language as influenced by modern technologies and possible future developments is also discussed in this book. This book will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in Chinese sociolinguistics, particularly with a focus on language, identity, and society in Greater China. This book will also be of interest to members of the Chinese Language Teachers Association and the American Council of Teaching Foreign Languages (ACTFL).
Colloquial Persian: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Ser.)
by Abdi Raifee Abdi RafieeColloquial Persian: The Complete Course for Beginners has been carefully developed to provide a step-by-step course to Persian as it is written and spoken today. Combining a clear, practical, and accessible style with a methodical and thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Persian in a broad range of situations. Each unit presents a wealth of grammatical points across different key topics for communicating in Persian. This fourth edition offers thoroughly updated and expanded cultural notes, refined language points offering greater clarity and understanding of the most difficult points, a clearer introduction to the Persian script, and new audio material. Balanced, comprehensive, and rewarding, Colloquial Persian is an indispensable resource both for independent learners and students taking courses in Persian. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Key features include: • A clear, user-friendly format designed to help learners progressively build up their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills. • Jargon-free, succinct, and clearly structured explanations of grammar. • An extensive range of focused and dynamic supportive exercises. • Realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of narrative situations. • Helpful cultural points explaining the customs and features of life in Iran. • An overview of the sounds of Persian. Audio material to accompany the course is available to download free in MP3 format from www.routledge.com/cw/colloquials. The audio material features the dialogues and texts from the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
Constructional and Cognitive Explorations of Contrastive Linguistics
by Annalisa Baicchi Cristiano BrocciasThis book approaches the field of contrastive linguistics from a comparative and robust perspective that combines the tenets of construction grammar and cognitive linguistics. In doing so, it shows how their integration can help to successfully enhance research on contrastivity, by means of updated theoretical frameworks and applied methodologies that combine language and thought. It compares ten different languages and offers analyses of constructions at all levels of the linguistic organization, identifying the cognitive motivations that instantiate the linguistic data retrieved from corpora. Relevant to both cognitive and non-cognitive linguists interested in variation and contrastive approaches, as well as graduate students in these areas, this book makes a significant contribution to existing work on the various types of constructional and discourse-based phenomena in modern languages.
Corpora for Language Learning: Bridging the Research-Practice Divide
by Peter CrosthwaiteThis volume presents a diverse range of expertise and practical advice on corpus-assisted language learning, bridging the gap between corpus research and actual classroom practice.Grounded in expert discussions and interviews, the book offers an extensive exploration into the intricacies of corpus-based language pedagogy, addressing its challenges, benefits, and potential drawbacks while demonstrating the power of data-driven learning (DDL) tools, including AntConc, WordSmith Tools, and CorpusMate. The book navigates the complexities of integrating DDL into mainstream educational systems, showcasing real-world applications for teaching. The authors bring together cutting-edge, international perspectives on this topic in dialogue with those using such techniques in their classroom practice.Both a rigorous academic resource and a hands-on guide for practitioners, this book is recommended reading for educators, researchers, or anyone wanting to upskill themselves in learning to harness the power of data in language pedagogy in primary, secondary, tertiary, or other professional contexts.
Corpus Applications in Language Teaching and Research: The Case of Data-Driven Learning of German (Routledge Applied Corpus Linguistics)
by Nina VyatkinaCorpus Applications in Language Teaching and Research: The Case of Data-Driven Learning of German provides a historical overview of corpus applications in language teaching with a focus on German. The book identifies challenges in using corpus applications and data-driven learning (DDL) research for Languages Other Than English (LOTEs) and addresses these challenges through various approaches. Overall, this book: surveys corpus applications for teaching and learning German, highlighting the growth of the L2 German DDL field and identifying trends in integrating DDL into pedagogical practice; presents empirical research on the effectiveness of DDL applications for teaching and learning German in comparison with research on English and other LOTEs, emphasizing the need for expanding the scope of DDL research to include more languages, skills, and study types; compares teaching interventions for L2 collocations in the fields of Instructed Second Language Acquisition (ISLA) and DDL, highlighting methodological differences between the two paradigms and proposing a combined ISLA/DDL framework to bridge the disconnect; showcases a successful DDL intervention that resulted in significant learning gains in German collocation knowledge, filling a gap in DDL research; proposes an Open Educational Resource (OER) for teaching and learning German, incorporating open access corpora, learner-fit criteria, new tools and technology, and usage-based learning principles; examines the current difficulties encountered by the DDL field and highlights potential directions for future research and pedagogical approaches. This book offers insights and resources for researchers, language teaching practitioners, and students interested in corpus-based learning and teaching methods. While the focus is on teaching German to English-speaking students, the book's findings have broader applicability to language teaching and learning in different contexts.
The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies (China Perspectives)
by Wang NingApplying the latest Western translation theories to the situation in China, this book redefines translation from an interdisciplinary and intercultural perspective, bringing intercultural semiotic translation into the sight of translation researchers. The book systematically expounds on the cultural turn in translation studies, and contributes to the escape of translation studies from the "cage of language". It focuses on discussing the deconstructive, post-modernist, and cultural translation theories that have motivated and promoted the cultural turn, especially Benjamin’s translation theory, Derrida’s deconstructive view of translation, and post-colonial translation theory. It also discusses in detail the theories of major international translation theorists, including Hillis Miller, Wolfgang Iser, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, André Lefevere, Susan Bassnett, and Lawrence Venuti. These theories are mostly based on examples from Western or English-language texts, leaving a wide gap in the discourse of the field. This book seeks to fill that gap. For example, intercultural semiotic translation is defined and explained through the successful experiences of the Chinese translator Fu Lei. The role of translation during the Chinese revolution and the relocation of Chinese culture in the global cultural landscape through translation are also discussed. This book will be an essential read to students and scholars of translation studies and Chinese studies. It will also be a useful resource for translators and researchers of comparative literature and cultural studies.
Dänisch lernen in 15 Minuten am Tag für Dummies (Für Dummies)
by Anna MateevaSie wollen Dänisch lernen, aber der Gedanke, stundenlang Vokabeln und Grammatik zu pauken, schreckt Sie ab? Dann ist dieses Buch genau das Richtige für Sie! In kurzen, auf 15 Minuten pro Tag begrenzten Lektionen bringt es Ihnen auf einfache und unterhaltsame Weise die dänische Sprache näher. So erfahren Sie im Handumdrehen alles Wichtige über Grammatik, Aussprache und übliche Redewendungen. Durch regelmäßigen Wiederholungsfragen können Sie Ihr Wissen testen und mit Hilfe des zum Download verfügbaren Audiomaterials auch die Aussprache üben. Nach nur drei Monaten beherrschen Sie die Grundlagen spielend.
Data Representativity and Granularity in Spanish Syntax: Subjecthood across Dialects and Methodologies in Spanish (Routledge Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics)
by Iván Ortega-SantosData Representativity and Granularity in Spanish Syntax focuses on the dialogue between Generative Grammar, Variationism, and experimental linguistics with a unique emphasis on Spanish linguistics.Combining formal syntax and empirical data collection, this volume analyzes and compares various data collection methods in syntactic theory, and examines a wide variety of approaches to gain novel insight in this emerging area. Through the case study of subject properties in Spanish, with an emphasis on how differences in data collection and data analysis standards may shape our perception of the object of study, this book addresses the following questions: (a) How do the data gathered through the standard methodology in each discipline diverge (if at all) and why? and (b) What kind of research questions can be answered with the standard methodology in each field? The volume argues for methodological crosspollination to avoid forcing data to conform to field-specific expectations and to appreciate language variation for what it has to tell us about linguistic theory, marrying the goals of Generative Grammar with data-driven research.This is an essential resource for researchers in the area of formal and generative syntax, linguists with an interest in data collection standard in syntax, and graduate or advanced undergraduate students in the field of Spanish linguistics.
A Deaf Take on Non-Equivalence in Written Chinese Translation (Routledge Studies in Chinese Translation)
by Chan Yi HinA Deaf Take on Non-Equivalence in Written Chinese Translation examines the issue of lexical non-equivalence between written Chinese and Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) translation, describing its theoretical and practical implications. This research foregrounds the semiotic resources in the Deaf community of Hong Kong by analyzing translation strategies exhibited by Deaf Hongkongers when they were invited to translate written Chinese passages with specialized and culturally specific concepts in a monologic setting. With discourse analysis as a framework, the major findings of this research were that: (1) a taxonomy of strategies featured depiction, manual representations of Chinese characters and visual metonymy, writing and mouthing; (2) employment of multisemiotic and multimodal resources gave intended viewers access to different facets of meaning; and (3) repeated renditions of the same concepts gave rise to condensed, abbreviated occasionalisms. Observations from this research serve as a point of reference for interpreting scholars, practitioners and students as well as policymakers who formulate interpretation service provision and assessment.
Demystifying Academic Reading: A Disciplinary Literacy Approach to Reading Across Content Areas
by Zhihui FangFoundational and accessible, this book equips pre-service and practicing teachers with the knowledge, understanding, tools, and resources they need to help students in grades 4–12 develop reading proficiencies in four core academic subjects—literature, history, science, and mathematics. Applying a disciplinary literacy approach, Fang describes the verbal and visual resources, expert strategies, inquiry skills, and habits of mind that students must learn in order to read carefully, critically, purposefully, and with an informed skepticism across genres and content areas. He also shows how teachers can promote language learning and reading/literacy development at the same time that they engage students in content area learning. With informative synthesis and research-based recommendations in every chapter, this text prepares teachers to help students develop discipline-specific, as well as discipline-relevant, discursive insights, literacy strategies, and ways of thinking, reasoning, and inquiring that are essential to productive learning across academic subjects. It also provides teacher educators with approaches and strategies for helping teacher candidates develop expertise in academic reading instruction. In so doing, the book demystifies academic reading, revealing what it takes for students to read increasingly complex academic texts with confidence and understanding and for teachers to develop expertise that promotes disciplinary literacy. This state-of-the-art text is ideal for courses on reading/literacy methods and academic literacy and eminently relevant to all educators who want their students to become thoughtful readers and powerful learners
Diccionario de afijos del español contemporáneo
by Antonio FábregasEl Diccionario de afijos del español contemporáneo es el primer estudio completo y sistemático de los morfemas que el español utiliza para la formación de palabras. En esta obra se presenta en detalle cada afijo utilizado para construir palabras en español. Este completo diccionario destaca por sus descripciones de las principales propiedades de todos los afijos contemporáneos del español, incluyendo su comportamiento gramatical, clases de bases, significados, comportamiento fonológico y relación con otros afijos. El estudio se complementa con una bibliografía, un glosario de términos y apéndices que clasifican los afijos según diversos criterios. El formato de diccionario, organizado alfabéticamente, permite una consulta rápida y sencilla, y será especialmente útil para investigadores y estudiantes avanzados de morfología española. Diccionario de afijos del español contemporáneo is the first comprehensive and systematic study of the elements that Spanish uses for word formation. Every affix used to build words in Spanish is presented here in detail. This comprehensive dictionary is unique for its descriptions of the main properties of all contemporary Spanish affixes, including their grammatical behavior, base classes, meanings, phonological behavior, and relation to other affixes. The study is complemented by a bibliography, a glossary of terms, and appendices that classify the affixes based on various criteria. The dictionary format, organised alphabetically, allows for quick and easy reference and will be of particular use to researchers and advanced students of Spanish morphology.
Differentiated Instruction: A Guide for World Language Teachers
by Deborah BlazIn the third edition of a bestseller, author Deborah Blaz helps you differentiate lessons for your world language students based on their learning styles, interests, prior knowledge, and comfort zones. This practical book uses brain-based teaching strategies to help students of all ability levels thrive in a rigorous differentiated learning environment. Each chapter provides classroom-tested activities and tiered lesson plans to help you teach vocabulary, speaking, listening, reading, and writing in world language classes in ways that are interactive, engaging, and effective for all learners. Features new to this edition include: activities aligned with the latest ACTFL and CEFR standards ideas and activities for project-based learning, virtual learning, and learning with digital tools, such as ChatGPT up-to-date latest guidance on learning styles and using variety in teaching more photocopiable forms, checklists, and handouts for suggested activities You’ll also learn how to differentiate assessment effectively to help all students show their full potential. Classroom-ready tools and templates can be downloaded as free support material from our website (www.routledge.com/9781032258287) for immediate use.
Differentiated Instruction: A Guide for World Language Teachers
by Deborah Blaz• Updated with new tools and easy-to-implement strategies throughout • New emphasis on teaching online and using digital tools • Addresses differentiation in all areas of language teaching, from grammar to vocabulary to culture
Digital Storytelling as Translanguaging: A Practical Guide for Language Educators
by Heather A. Linville Polina VinogradovaThis innovative, accessible book is an introduction to using digital storytelling in language teaching, with a focus on English as an Additional Language (EAL) instruction. Linville and Vinogradova provide a clear framework that addresses translanguaging and multimodal meaning making in teaching multilingual learners (MLs) through use of digital storytelling.This book provides detailed guidance on how to incorporate digital storytelling into language teaching, building on recent developments in the fields of TESOL and language education that position multilingualism and multiliteracies as important components of any language instruction. Through this text and accompanying activities, readers will understand how to work with MLs to create multimodal digital texts. This book offers an easy-to-follow, step-by-step process for language educators to follow to support MLs’ digital storytelling projects in any EAL classroom. Featured digital storytelling projects from EAL practitioners in various contexts, as well as multiple examples and resources, are included for each stage of the process, always grounded in contemporary TESOL theories (e.g., critical pedagogy, culturally responsive teaching, translanguaging, and a pedagogy of multiliteracies). This framework supports the development of multilingualism and multiliteracies and can be adapted by educators of other world languages for any language education setting.Grounded in contemporary TESOL theories, this book is an essential text for courses on technology in TESOL and TESOL methods courses, as well as for language educators.
Early Childhood Language Education and Literacy Practices in Ethiopia: Perspectives from Indigenous Knowledge, Gender and Instructional Practices (Routledge Research in Language Education)
by Kassahun Weldemariam Margareth Sandvik Moges YigezuThis edited volume explores how indigenous knowledges and practices can be instrumental in improving literacy outcomes and teacher development practices in Ethiopia, aiding children’s long-term reading, and learning outcomes. The chapters present research from a collaborative project between Ethiopia and Norway and demonstrate how students can be supported to think pragmatically, learn critically and be in possession of the citizenship skills necessary to thrive in a multilingual world. The authors celebrate multilingualism and bring indigenous traditions such as oracy, storytelling, folktales to the fore revealing their positive impact on educational attainment. Addressing issues of language diversity and systematic ignorance of indigenous literacy practices, the book plays a necessary role in introducing Ethiopia’s cultural heritage to the West and, hence, bridges the cultural gaps between the global north and global south. Arguably contributing one of the first publications on early literacy in Ethiopian languages, this book will appeal to scholars, researchers and postgraduate students studying the fields of early years literacy and language, indigenous knowledge and applied linguistics more broadly.
An Educator's Guide to Dual Language Instruction: Increasing Achievement and Global Competence, K–12
by Leslie Davison Gayle WesterbergComprehensively updated, the second edition is a user- friendly resource for teachers and administrators to ensure their school’s success in implementing and maintaining a dual language program. The book is filled with step-by-step instructions and strategies you can try immediately. The second edition includes key updates on technology, digital resources, and current demographics, standards, and data. Educators will learn how to choose a model for their dual language program involving all stakeholders in the transition process, set proficiency targets and use assessments to track progress, and much more.
ELF and Applied Linguistics: Reconsidering Applied Linguistics Research from ELF Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Applied Linguistics)
by Kumiko MurataWith help from a global cast of scholars, Kumiko Murata explores the remodelling of the discipline of applied linguistics, which traditionally regarded Anglophone native-speaker English as the standard for English as a lingua franca (ELF). This edited volume probes the dichotomy between the current focus of applied linguistic research and a drastically changed English use in a globalised world. This division is approached from diverse perspectives and with the overarching understanding of ELF as an indispensable area of applied linguistics research. The volume includes theoretical backgrounds to English as a lingua franca, the nature of ELF interactions, language policy and practice from an ELF perspective, and the relationship between multilingualism and ELF. A resourceful book not only to ELF researchers but also applied linguists in general, as well as policy makers, administrators, practicing teachers, and university students from diverse linguacultural backgrounds.
ELF and Applied Linguistics: Reconsidering Applied Linguistics Research from ELF Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Applied Linguistics)
by Kumiko MurataWith help from a global cast of scholars, Kumiko Murata explores the remodelling of the discipline of applied linguistics, which traditionally regarded Anglophone native-speaker English as the standard for English as a lingua franca (ELF).This edited volume probes the dichotomy between the current focus of applied linguistic research and a drastically changed English use in a globalised world. This division is approached from diverse perspectives and with the overarching understanding of ELF as an indispensable area of applied linguistics research. The volume includes theoretical backgrounds to English as a lingua franca, the nature of ELF interactions, language policy and practice from an ELF perspective, and the relationship between multilingualism and ELF.A resourceful book not only to ELF researchers but also applied linguists in general, as well as policy makers, administrators, practicing teachers, and university students from diverse linguacultural backgrounds.
ELT: The Basics (The Basics)
by Michael McCarthy Steve WalshELT: The Basics offers a clear, non-jargonistic introduction to English language teaching for EFL/ESL teachers in training, early career teachers, those considering taking up ELT, and experienced teachers who may want to read about the way the profession has developed and continues to evolve. Key features of this book include: Real classroom data and data from ELT training programmes Discussion of a wide range of learning contexts and different types of learners (young learners, adults, third age, academic, refugees and immigrants, etc.) Comparisons of different types of syllabuses and methods, and discussion of current technologies An emphasis on classroom interaction as the key to maximising learning Featuring a glossary of key terms, cartoons and illustrations, further reading, personal reflection points, and discussion of the most important and relevant research, this book is a clear and accessible introduction to the complex field of ELT.
Emergence of Korean English: How Korea's Dynamic English is Born (Routledge Studies in East Asian Translation)
by Jieun Kiaer Hyejeong AhnEmergence of Korean English explores the dynamic nature of emerging Korean English and its impact on Korean society, culture, and identity. This book challenges the negative stereotypes and stigmatization of Konglish and argues that it has been a great asset for Korea’s fast economic development. The fate of Korean English has been transformed in the time of the Korean wave as the K-fandom actively engages with Korean English. The book offers a comprehensive overview of Korea’s encounter with the English language and provides an in-depth analysis of linguistic characteristics, pragmatic features, and cross-cultural and cross-linguistic aspects of Korean English. The authors examine the unique linguistic features of Korean English, including phonological, syntactic, and lexical features, and highlight the sociocultural implications of these features for Korean society. In addition, the book discusses the role of Hallyu fandom languages in the emergence of Korean English and the growth of Korean pop culture worldwide. It also provides insights into the English fever in South Korea and its impact on education, society, and culture. This book is a valuable resource for scholars, students, and professionals who are interested in the emergence of Korean English and its social, cultural, and linguistic implications for Korea and the global community.
EMI Classroom Communication: A Corpus-Based Approach (Routledge Focus on English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education)
by Slobodanka Dimova Joyce Kling Branka Drljača MargićExamining English medium instruction (EMI) through a corpus-based approach, this volume offers a critical inquiry into the use of different linguistic and pedagogical strategies in the EMI classroom. It explores aspects of content lecturers’ language use, pedagogy, and intercultural communicative competence by drawing on the findings obtained from EMI lecture corpus analysis and post-observation interviews with EMI lecturers from five universities in Croatia, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. The book also offers insights into lecturers’ engagement with students in English, which is their second language, as well as their perception of differences between EMI and first-language-medium instruction (L1MI). Finally, the volume provides readers with corpus-based analysis of teachers’ oral ability profiles, as a basis for the identification of communicational challenges and provision of language support. The book will be of interest to scholars interested in EMI in higher education, and postgraduate students in applied linguistics and TESOL programs. It will also be relevant to teachers who are involved in EMI provision, teacher trainers who design support programs for EMI teachers, and policymakers who establish language-in-education policies for EMI.
English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction
by Jong-Bok KimENGLISH AND KOREAN IN CONTRAST English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction is the first book of its kind to present a comprehensive yet student-friendly comparative review of the grammars of English and Korean. Author Jong-Bok Kim, an internationally-recognized expert, offers rigorous contrastive analyses of all major aspects of English and Korean while addressing common usage errors made by learners of each language. Designed for both English- and Korean-language classrooms, this unique textbook describes and contrasts the two languages at every level from sound, word, and grammar to figurative language and metaphors. Throughout the text, the author uses an accessible, descriptive-based approach that covers both core and peripheral phenomena of English and Korean. Offering invaluable insights into the major sources of difficulty or ease in learning the two languages, English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction is the perfect undergraduate resource not only for English-speaking students studying Korean language and linguistics, but also for Korean-speaking students studying English language and linguistics.