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Proposing Prosperity?: Marriage Education Policy and Inequality in America
by Jennifer Randles"Fragile families"—unmarried parents who struggle emotionally and financially—are one of the primary targets of the Healthy Marriage Initiative, a federal policy that has funded marriage education programs in nearly every state. These programs, which encourage marriage by teaching relationship skills, are predicated on the hope that married couples can provide a more emotionally and financially stable home for their children. Healthy marriage policy promotes a pro-marriage culture in which two-parent married families are considered the healthiest. It also assumes that marriage can be a socioeconomic survival mechanism for low-income families, and an engine of upward mobility. Through interviews with couples and her own observations and participation in marriage education courses, Jennifer M. Randles challenges these assumptions and critically examines the effects of such classes on participants. She takes the reader inside healthy marriage classrooms to reveal how their curricula are reflections of broader issues of culture, gender, governance, and social inequality. In analyzing the implementation of healthy marriage policy, Randles questions whether it should target individual behavior or the social and economic context of that behavior. The most valuable approach, she concludes, will not be grounded in notions of middle-class marriage culture. Instead, it will reflect the fundamental premise that love and commitment thrive most within the context of social and economic opportunity.
Proposing Prosperity?: Marriage Education Policy and Inequality in America
by Jennifer M Randles"Fragile families"-unmarried parents who struggle emotionally and financially-are one of the primary targets of the Healthy Marriage Initiative, a federal policy that has funded marriage education programs in nearly every state. These programs, which encourage marriage by teaching relationship skills, are predicated on the hope that married couples can provide a more emotionally and financially stable home for their children.Healthy marriage policy promotes a pro-marriage culture in which two-parent married families are considered the healthiest. It also assumes that marriage can be a socioeconomic survival mechanism for low-income families, and an engine of upward mobility.Through interviews with couples and her own observations and participation in marriage education courses, Jennifer M. Randles challenges these assumptions and critically examines the effects of such classes on participants. She takes the reader inside healthy marriage classrooms to reveal how their curricula are reflections of broader issues of culture, gender, governance, and social inequality. In analyzing the implementation of healthy marriage policy, Randles questions whether it should target individual behavior or the social and economic context of that behavior. The most valuable approach, she concludes, will not be grounded in notions of middle-class marriage culture. Instead, it will reflect the fundamental premise that love and commitment thrive most within the context of social and economic opportunity.
Propuestas del bicentenario: Rutas para un país en desarrollo
by Videnza ConsultoresEn un año decisivo en que conmemora el Bicentenario de la Independencia y se estrena un nuevo gobierno en el Perú, la aparición de este libro resulta de suma importancia para vaanzar hacia el desarrollo que demanda con urgencia el país. Propuestas del Bicentenario propone un conjunto de reformas orien Stadas a fortalecer la institucionalidad y alcanzar el bienestar de todos los ciudadanos. Diseñadas por un equipo de especialistas, bajo la conducción de Videnza Consultores, las propuestas comprenden ocho ejes: reactivación económica; empleo, formalización y protección social; gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales; gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales; gestión pública para mejores servicios; salud desde la prevención y los cuidados médicos cercanos; educación para la empleabilidad; agua y saneamiento de calidad; y reforma fiscal para la estabilidad macroeconómica. Con la convicción de que es posible aplicar políticas eficientes y sostenidas en las agendas de Estado, este libro busca contribuir a sentar las bases de una sociedad más justa, próspera, cohesionada y moderna. Los autores de esta publicación son Luis Miguel Castilla, Janice Seinfeld, Milton von Hesse; Nicolás Besich, Miguel Jaramillo, Roxana Barrantes, Carlos Oliva y Daniel Alfaro
Prosecuting Political Violence: Collaborative Research and Method (Political Violence)
by Michael LoadenthalThis volume unpacks the multidimensional realities of political violence, and how these crimes are dealt with throughout the US judicial system, using a mixed methods approach. The work seeks to challenge the often-noted problems with mainstream terrorism research, namely an overreliance on secondary sources, a scarcity of data-driven analyses, and a tendency for authors not to work collaboratively. This volume inverts these challenges, situating itself within primary-source materials, empirically studied through collaborative, inter-generational (statistical) analysis. Through a focused exploration of how these crimes are influenced by gender, ethnicity, ideology, tactical choice, geography, and citizenship, the chapters offered here represent scholarship from a pool of more than sixty authors. Utilizing a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods, including regression and other forms of statistical analysis, Grounded Theory, Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, and Discourse Analysis, the researchers in this book explore not only the subject of political violence and the law but also the craft of research. In bringing together these emerging voices, this volume seeks to challenge expertism, while privileging the empirical. This book will be of much interest to students of terrorism and political violence, criminology, and US politics.
Prosocial Behaviour
by Hans-Werner BierhoffHow can social bonds in society be strengthened? How do we learn and develop prosocial behaviour? This comprehensive textbook provides up-to-date coverage of the social phenomenon of prosocial behaviour, incorporating all the major developments in the fields of developmental and social psychology. The first section identifies different forms of prosocial behaviour, including estimates of prevalence in everyday situations and the controversy between biological and cultural perspectives as explanatory models of prosocial behaviour. The second and third sections focus on learning and development, with emphasis on social learning, responsibility, empathy and guilt. The fourth section explores the prevalence of prosocial behaviour, in particular the situational and personality factors which inhibit urgently needed prosocial behaviour. The final section is devoted to practical applications, such as how to increase the likelihood that people will work as volunteers in community organisations and how to heighten the willingness to offer first aid. This book will be an invaluable resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of social psychology and sociology, as well as anyone with an interest in social services and voluntary organisations.
Prosperity Gospel Latinos and Their American Dream (Where Religion Lives)
by Tony Tian-Ren LinIn this immersive ethnography, Tony Tian-Ren Lin explores the reasons that Latin American immigrants across the United States are increasingly drawn to Prosperity Gospel Pentecostalism, a strand of Protestantism gaining popularity around the world. Lin contends that Latinos embrace Prosperity Gospel, which teaches that believers may achieve both divine salvation and worldly success, because it helps them account for the contradictions of their lives as immigrants. Weaving together his informants' firsthand accounts of their religious experiences and everyday lives, Lin offers poignant insight into how they see their faith transforming them both as individuals and as communities. The theology fuses salvation with material goods so that as these immigrants pursue spiritual rewards they are also, perhaps paradoxically, striving for the American dream. But after all, Lin observes, prosperity is the gospel of the American dream. In this way, while becoming better Prosperity Gospel Pentecostals they are also adopting traditional white American norms. Yet this is not a story of smooth assimilation as most of these immigrants must deal with the immensity of the broader cultural and political resistance to their actually becoming Americans. Rather, Prosperity Gospel Pentecostalism gives Latinos the logic and understanding of themselves as those who belong in this country yet remain perpetual outsiders.
Prosperous Paupers and Other Population Problems
by Nicholas EberstadtIn current intellectual and public discourse, the entire modern world-from the affluent United States to the poorest low-income regions-is beset today by a broad and alarming array of "population problems." Around the globe, leading scientists, academics, and political figures attribute poverty, hunger, social tension, and even political conflict t
Prostate Cancer, Sexual Health, and Ageing Masculinities: Exploring the Achilles' Heel of Men
by Jesper Andreasson Thomas JohanssonThis book provides a rich, multidimensional analysis of how prostate cancer is lived, treated, and perceived by different actors through the stages of care, rehabilitation, and recovery. Furthermore, it focuses on how side effects, such as urinary leakage and impotence, affects the construction of masculinity. Though the book foregrounds men treated for prostate cancer, it also includes the voices of partners and health care professionals, such as urologists, contact nurses, and sexual health counsellors. The focus is on both phenomenological aspects of prostate cancer—how the disease affects men’s self-perception and lifestyle—and on sociological aspects—that is, how gender and masculinity are understood and negotiated in social situations/interactions. Situated within the field of critical studies on men and masculinity the book engages in an intersectional analysis of the relationship between prostate cancer, class, and ageing masculinities, as well as providing an analysis of the complex relational triad created when voices of treated men, their partners, and health care professionals are brought together.
Prosthetic Culture (International Library of Sociology)
by Celia LuryIn a fascinating account of how technology is altering our consciousness, Celia Lury shows how the manipulation of photographic images and ways of seeing can so redefine the relation between consciousness, the body and memory as to create a 'prosthetic culture' whose capacities both extend and threaten our humanity.We live in a society in which some memories can be falsely implanted in the individual while others are stored in video archives of images, in which the powers of cartoon superheroes break through the limitations of time and space. Using the examples of photo-therapy, family albums, Benetton advertising campaigns, the phenomenon of false memory syndrome and the 'lives' of cartoon characters this book argues that the 'eyes' made available by contemporary visual technologies involve not simply specific ways of seeing, but also ways of life.
Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World
by Anise K. StrongProstitutes and Matrons in the Roman World is the first substantial account of elite Roman concubines and courtesans. Exploring the blurred line between proper matron and wicked prostitute, it illuminates the lives of sexually promiscuous women like Messalina and Clodia, as well as prostitutes with hearts of gold who saved Rome and their lovers in times of crisis. It also offers insights into the multiple functions of erotic imagery and the circumstances in which prostitutes could play prominent roles in Roman public and religious life. Tracing the evolution of social stereotypes and concepts of virtue and vice in ancient Rome, this volume reveals the range of life choices and sexual activity, beyond the traditional binary depiction of wives or prostitutes, that were available to Roman women.
Prostitution, Politics & Policy
by Roger MatthewsProstitution has become an extremely topical issue in recent years and attention has focused both on the situation of female prostitutes and the adequacy of existing forms of regulation. Prostitution, Politics & Policy brings together the main debates and issues associated with prostitution in order to examine the range of policy options that are available. Governments in different parts of the world have been struggling to develop constructive policies to deal with prostitution – as, for example, the British Home Office recently instigated a £1.5 million programme to help address the perceived problems of prostitution. In the context of this struggle, and amidst the publication of various policy documents, Prostitution, Politics & Policy develops a fresh approach to understanding this issue, while presenting a range of what are seen as progressive and radical policy proposals. Much of the debate around prostitution has been polarized between liberals – who want prostitution decriminalized, normalized and humanized – and conservatives – who have argued that prostitution should be abolished. But, drawing on a wide range of international literature, and providing an overview that is both accessible to students and relevant to policy makers and practitioners, Roger Matthews proposes a form of radical realism that is irreducible to either of these two positions.
Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking in Women: Israel's Blood Money (Routledge Research in Gender and Society)
by Esther Hertzog Erella ShadmiThis book critically analyzes the sex industry in Israel, using feminist concepts and scholarship to elaborate on the power of prostitution to shape a world in which women are objects for fulfilling men's desires. A comprehensive collection of research-based articles that examine prostitution, trafficking in women and pornography from divergent disciplinary angles, it reveals the interconnectedness of these three aspects of the sex trade which objectifies, commercializes and exploits human – and in particular women’s – sexuality. Showing these practices to be embedded in a capitalist and patriarchal oppressive context that is accommodated by state institutions, this volume rejects the argument that it is possible to choose prostitution, and that feminist pornography is possible. With case studies including the conspicuous context of migration that attracts sex traffickers, the liberal discourse introduced by cinema, the media and the arts that serve to legitimate prostitution and pornography, the chauvinist-macho culture that perceives and treats women as sex objects, and the issues of male prostitution and men as clients, Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking in Women: Israel’s Blood Money constitutes a study of Israel as a unique context in which the sex trade can prosper, in spite of geographical, religious and institutional constraints. As such, it will be of interest to scholars of sociology, anthropology, history, cultural studies and gender and women’s studies.
Prostitution Research in Context: Methodology, Representation and Power (Interdisciplinary Studies in Sex for Sale)
by Marlene Spanger May-Len SkilbreiThe starting point for this book is the question of how we research sex for sale and the implications of the choices we make in terms of epistemology and ethics. Which dilemmas and ethical aspects need to be taken into account when producing qualitative data within a highly politicised and moral-infected realm? These two questions are exactly what Spanger and Skilbrei aim to unpack in this unusual interdisciplinary methodology book, Prostitution Research in Context. The book offers contributions from a number of scholars who, based on their reflections on their own research practice and the existing knowledge field, discuss ongoing methodological issues and challenges representative of international research on sex for sale. Some chapters deal explicitly with methodological dilemmas in research; others thematise the encounter between prostitution research and general texts on epistemology. Other chapters again actively engage with the ethical dilemmas that research on the topic of sex for sale can entail. The authors represent different disciplines, but share an interest in engaging in reflexive research practices informed by feminism and feminist epistemologies. An authoritative contribution to the field, this innovative volume will appeal to international scholars and students from across the social sciences and humanities in areas such as sociology, anthropology, criminology, media studies, feminist studies, human geography and history.
Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress
by PhD, Melissa FarleyProstitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress offers the reader an analysis of prostitution and trafficking as organized interpersonal violence. Even in academia, law, and public health, prostitution is often misunderstood as "sex work." The book&’s 32 contributors offer clinical examples, analysis, and original research that cou
Prostitutionspolitik in Deutschland: Entwicklung im Kontext europäischer Trends (essentials)
by Eva-Maria EuchnerEva-Maria Euchner führt in das Thema der Prostitutionspolitik ein und stellt klassische Regulierungsregime sowie die zentralen Wertekonflikte des Politikfelds vor. Ferner gibt die Autorin einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Regulierungsmodelle in Europa zwischen 1960 und 2010, was auch eine Beschreibung der Herangehensweise in Deutschland beinhaltet. Darüber hinaus analysiert sie die Ursachen des deutschen Wegs. Die liberale Handhabung von Prostitution in Deutschland ist insbesondere auf die Problemdefinition und die Rolle der Partei Bündnis 90/Die Grünen zurückzuführen. Aktuell motiviert eine veränderte Problemwahrnehmung neue regulative Schritte, die aber voraussichtlich keinen Paradigmenwechsel einleiten werden, da ein starker parteipolitischer Agent fehlt.
Protecting Biological Diversity: The Effectiveness of Access and Benefit-sharing Regimes (Routledge Studies in Development and Society #24)
by Carmen RicherzhagenDuring the last ten years the enormous global loss of biodiversity has received remarkable attention. Among the numerous approaches undertaken to stop or lessen this process, access and benefit-sharing (ABS), a market-based approach, has emerged as among the most prominent. In theory, ABS turns biodiversity and genetic resources from an open access good to a private good and creates a market for genetic resources. It internalizes the resources’ positive externalities by pricing the commercial values for research and development and makes users pay for it. Users’ benefits are shared with the resource holders and set incentives for the sustainable use and the conservation of biodiversity. Carmen Richerzhagen, however, finds that in practice there are significant questions about the effectiveness of the approach in the protection of biodiversity and about the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the commercialization. Utilizing the empirical findings of three case studies of biodiversity-providing countries - Costa Rica, the Philippines and Ethiopia - and one case study of a community of user countries, the European Union (EU), Richerzhagen examines the effectiveness of ABS through the realization of its own objectives.
Protecting Main Street: Measuring the Customer Experience in Financial Services for Business and Public Policy
by Paul C. LubinFirst Published in 2010. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Protecting Victims of Human Trafficking From Liability: The European Approach (Palgrave Studies in Victims and Victimology)
by Julia Maria MuraszkiewiczThis books demonstrates the difficulty of protecting victims of human trafficking from being held liable for crimes they were compelled to commit in the course, or as a consequence, of being trafficked, under current European law. The legislation remains vague and potentially inadequate to recognise victimhood, safeguard the human rights of victims, and avoid further victimisation. Wiliamson explains how the non-liability principle is rooted in criminal and human rights law, and proposes a more efficient provision and framework which would protect trafficked persons, and do better to encourage victims to act as witnesses in criminal proceedings against the perpetrators. In doing so the book will provide relevant stakeholders, including policy makers and law enforcement authorities, with a better understanding of the non-liability principle and how it ought to be used in practice.
The Protection and Promotion of Human Security in East Asia
by Brendan HoweAlthough many of the states of East Asia have achieved startling success, not all have benefited from the region's development. Many of the most vulnerable sections of East Asian populations still face tremendous challenges in their daily lives, have yet to enjoy the rewards of the Asian Century, and may even be further imperiled as a result of the forces of development. Brendan Howe examines the measurements of success in East Asian development and governance from a human-centered perspective. He assesses obstacles to the protection and promotion of human security and development through detailed case studies of the most challenged states in the region, including Burma, Timor-Leste, Japan and North and South Korea. He looks at the roles that East Asian actors can play, and have been playing, in protecting and promoting human security at the theoretical and practical level.
Protectionism to Liberalisation: Ireland and the EEC, 1957 to 1966
by Maurice FitzgeraldThis title was first published in 2000. This work examines Irish government towards European integration in the second post-war decade by concentrating on crisis points or flash points, it does this in a fairly subject-oriented manner concerning Dublin's decision-making processes. The central themes of this study are concentrated on economic matters, but they deal with other tenets when relevant too, be they of a cultural, diplomatic, ideological, military, political or social nature.
Protectors of Pluralism: Religious Minorities and the Rescue of Jews in the Low Countries during the Holocaust (Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics)
by Robert BraunProtectors of Pluralism argues that local religious minorities are more likely to save persecuted groups from purification campaigns. Robert Braun utilizes a geo-referenced dataset of Jewish evasion in the Netherlands and Belgium during the Holocaust to assess the minority hypothesis. Spatial statistics and archival work reveal that Protestants were more likely to rescue Jews in Catholic regions of the Low Countries, while Catholics facilitated evasion in Protestant areas. Post-war testimonies and secondary literature demonstrate the importance of minority groups for rescue in other countries during the Holocaust as well as other episodes of mass violence, underlining how the local position of church communities produces networks of assistance, rather than something inherent to any religion itself. This book makes an important contribution to the literature on political violence, social movements, altruism and religion, applying a range of social science methodologies and theories that shed new light on the Holocaust.
Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America
by Frank DonnerThis landmark exposé of the dark history of repressive police operations in American cities offers a richly detailed account of police misconduct and violations of protected freedoms over the past century. In an incisive examination of undercover work in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Philadelphia as well as Washington, D.C., Detroit, New Haven, Baltimore, and Birmingham, Donner reveals the underside of American law enforcement.
Protein, Calories, And Development: Nutritional Variables In The Economics Of Developing Countries
by Bernard SchmittProduction of world food supplies is related to more complicated socioeconomic variables than have previously been analyzed. Besides traditional inputs of land, labor, and fertilizer, the technological capabilities and a variety of nutritional and other human capital components are significant independent variables in explaining agricultural production in the developing world. The integration of economic analyses with the concepts of nutritional science offers an expanded and effective means for analyzing the complex problems of agricultural production in nutritionally deficient countries. Bernard Schmitt traces the circular relationship between nutrition and human capital, labor productivity, food production, and per capita consumption of calories and protein. He defines the basic nutritional terms that are most useful to economists in analyzing agricultural and foodrelated questions and provides examples that stress the importance of concentrating on nutritional quality as well as gross quantity. Transformations are used to convert quantities into basic nutritional components, allowing more meaningful quantitative analyses in an econometric framework. Dr. Schmitt presents a flexible methodology for forecasting commodity production, using it to make projections for the developing countries for each major commodity group and to test various policy alternatives such as extensive trade, expanded food assistance programs, substantial resource or input expansion, further expansion of Green Revolution technology, and development of alternatives to agriculture. Although he is certain that gains can be accomplished through population control and agricultural advances, supplemented by alternative nutritional sources, he concludes that conditions in nutritionally deficient countries are unlikely to improve, on average, through the mid-1980s.
The Protein Folding Problem
by Donald B WetlauferProteins in living systems carry out a great variety of specific functions, each of which depends on the precise three-dimensional structure of a particular protein. Proteins are synthesized in the form of a flexible polypeptide chain that is capable of assuming a vast number of configurations; the transformation of this chain into a specific, relatively rigid three-dimensional structure is called folding--a remarkable process of self-organization. It is known that the amino acid sequences of some proteins have sufficient information to determine their three-dimensional structures. There are other proteins whose folding requires additional information beyond that found in the sequence of the mature protein. This book introduces the central problem of folding mechanisms as well as a number of other closely related issues. This book is neither a textbook nor a treatise. Rather, it is an attempt by several investigators to convey the excitement and challenges of those aspects of the folding problem in which they are actively engaged. The contributors give brief introductions to protein folding from the perspectives of molecular architecture, stability and dynamics, phage genetics, DNA exons, general physiology, and natural selection. They point out emerging new directions, including the suggestion of a class of diseases that result from protein folding defects.
Protektion 4.0: Das Digitalisierungsdilemma (Die blaue Stunde der Informatik)
by Günter MüllerDas Buch beschreibt Datenschutz erstmals als Offenheit (Transparenz) statt Datensparsamkeit. Der Autor beschreibt als Voraussetzung dazu einen Besitztitel auf Daten. Die Umsetzung erfolgt über Big Data, deren Techniken so ausgelegt sind, dass Daten zur „handelbaren“ Ware werden können, indem dokumentierbar wird, wie von wem wozu Daten verwendet worden sind. Transparente Verwendung auch in Hinsicht auf den Nutzen oder die Notwendigkeit statt Verbergen wird als neues Privatheitsmodell vorgeschlagen. Die Synchronisation der Entwicklung von Technik und Gesellschaft steht dabei im Vordergrund. Zahlreiche Fallstudien erhöhen den praktischen Nutzen des Buches.