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Now What?: On a Mission to Fix Broken Britain
by Carol VordermanPolitics: The three vowels and five consonants which control our world.'But what has politics got to do with me?' I hear you ask. Well, quite a lot really. Whether you like it or not, it affects every single thing in your life from the moment you wake up in the morning until you crawl into bed at night.But some of our political elite make it feel like a club which we have not been invited to join. The privileged few who want to keep it all for the privileged few. I hope this book can explain much, make you laugh out loud and make you realise that together our voices are powerful.Buckle up and come on a political rollercoaster with me - 'an old bird with an iPhone'. This is a book for people who don't normally think about politics. We have a new government and have bid a loud goodbye to the Tories, but the issues that allowed the last government to mismanage and deceive us for so long lie deep. Amidst a landscape of economic turmoil and deepening societal fractures, we need to see a new age of accountability in our political system.With her characteristic outspokenness and irrepressible sense of humour, in Now What? On a Mission to Fix Broken Britain, Carol Vorderman exposes the intricate web of influence responsible for our nation's unravelling and provides us with a toolkit for building a better and fairer Britain.Part diary, part manifesto, part journey down the rabbit hole of British politics, this is the story of how 'an old bird with an iPhone' exposed the incompetence and lies of the establishment, and inspired countless others to find their voice and stand up for what they believe in.
Valuing Profoundly Disabled People: Fellowship, Community and Ties of Birth (Routledge Research in Special Educational Needs)
by John VorhausGrowing numbers of human beings live with profound and multiple learning difficulties and disabilities. Exploring the moral, social and political implications of this trend, Valuing Profoundly Disabled People addresses questions that are high on policy and practice agendas in numerous regions around the world, including the UK and the EU, the USA, and Australasia. In this important work Vorhaus examines fundamental moral and social questions about profound disability, and each chapter combines a comprehensive review of existing literature with thought-provoking and original philosophical arguments. Vorhaus argues that there is a pressing need to consider the moral and political claims of people whose lives are characterised by extensive impairments, dependency and vulnerability. The book prompts readers to reflect on complex issues relating to the practices of caring, teaching and treating people with profound disabilities in contexts such as education, health care and social policy. Providing a much-needed contribution to the field, this book will be of interest to postgraduates, academics and researchers in a number of distinct and interrelated fields, including disability and impairment, human rights, philosophy, sociology, health and social policy, and education. The book will also be of great interest to practitioners and policymakers seeking to promote the aims of realising human potential and respecting disability.
The Last Nazi Trials
by Moritz Vormbaum80 years after the Nuremberg trial, the prosecution of Nazi perpetrators has effectively come to an end. Examining the last Nazi trials in Germany from a multidisciplinary perspective, the present volume addresses key aspects of the judicial phenomenon of Spätverfolgung (‘late prosecution’), links the issue to the international discourse on transitional justice, and contributes to current debates in academia and society at large.
Spätverfolgung von NS-Unrecht
by Moritz Vormbaum75 Jahre nach dem Nürnberger Hauptkriegsverbrecherprozess ist die Strafverfolgung der nationalsozialistischen Systemverbrechen faktisch abgeschlossen. Der Band nimmt den letzten Akt der Strafverfolgung von NS-Unrecht in Deutschland in den Blick. Er knüpft an die in Wissenschaft, Praxis und allgemeiner Öffentlichkeit geführten Debatten über die Spätverfolgung an, zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem die Erinnerung an die Verfahren noch frisch ist. Disziplinenübergreifend bietet der Band Analysen verschiedener Aspekte der Spätverfolgung und verknüpft das Thema mit dem internationalen "transitional justice"-Diskurs.Die Kapitel 1 Einführung, 11 Spätverfolgung von NS-Unrecht – Reflexionen der Nebenklagevertretung und 20 Ausgeforscht? Zeitgeschichte und juristische Ahndung von NS-Verbrechen sind unter einer Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License über link.springer.com frei verfügbar (Open Access).
Einführung in die moderne Strafrechtsgeschichte (Springer-Lehrbuch)
by Thomas VormbaumModerne Strafrechtsgeschichte als Teil der juristischen Zeitgeschichte befasst sich mit der Rechtsentwicklung in unserer Rechtsepoche, d.h. im 19. bis 21. Jahrhundert. Unter Berücksichtigung der allgemeinen geschichtlichen Entwicklung einerseits, der Bezüge zur Gegenwart andererseits bietet das Buch eine anschauliche Darstellung der (vorwiegend deutschen) Strafrechtsentwicklung einschließlich der jüngsten Entwicklung, die in einem abschließenden Kapitel als „juristisches Zeitgeschehen“ behandelt wird. Es setzt nur Schulkenntnisse in allgemeiner Geschichte und Grundkenntnisse im Strafrecht voraus und erwartet im Übrigen von den Leserinnen und Lesern nur Aufgeschlossenheit für geschichts- und rechtstheoretische Fragestellungen.Die 4. Auflage berücksichtigt das seit der Vorauflage erschienene umfangreiche Schrifttum und vertieft weitere Einzelprobleme.
Post-Conflict Monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Unfinished Histories (Routledge Focus on Art History and Visual Studies)
by Uroš ČvoroAt a time of dramatic struggles over monuments around the world, this book examines monuments that have been erected in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) since 1996. Examining the historical precedents for the high rate of monumentbuilding, and its links to ongoing political instability and national animosity, this book identifies the culture of remembrance in BiH as symptomatic of a broader shift: a monumentalisation and privatisation of history. It provides an argument for how to account for the politics of contemporary nation-state formation, control of space, trauma and revisions of history in a region that has been subject to prolonged instability and crisis. This book will be of interest to scholars in contemporary art, museum studies, war and conflict studies, and European studies.
The Concept of Violence (Routledge Studies in Contemporary Philosophy)
by Mark VorobejThis study focuses on conceptual questions that arise when we explore the fundamental aspects of violence. Mark Vorobej teases apart what is meant by the term ‘violence,’ showing that it is a surprisingly complex, unwieldy and highly contested concept. Rather than attempting to develop a fixed definition of violence, Vorobej explores the varied dimensions of the phenomenon of violence and the questions they raise, addressing the criteria of harm, agency, victimhood, instrumentality, and normativity. Vorobej uses this multifaceted understanding of violence to engage with and complicate existing approaches to the essential nature of violence: first, Vorobej explores the liberal tradition that ties violence to the intentional infliction of harm, and that grows out of a concern for protecting individual liberty or autonomy. He goes on to explore a more progressive tradition – one that is usually associated with the political left – that ties violence to the bare occurrence of harm, and that is more concerned with an equitable promotion of human welfare than with the protection of individual liberty. Finally, the book turns to a tradition that operates with a more robust normative characterization of violence as a morally flawed (or forbidden) response to the ontological fact of (human) vulnerability. This nuanced and in-depth study of the nature of violence will be especially relevant to researchers in applied ethics, peace studies and political philosophy.
Schritt für Schritt zum Patent
by Sonja VorwerkDieses Buch vermittelt einen Überblick über den Prozess der Patenterteilung und zeigt auf, dass Patente auf Erfindungen auch im Interesse der Wissenschaftler sind und dass ihnen eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle in der Bewertung wissenschaftlicher Arbeit zukommt. Es wendet sich an alle, die auf dem Gebiet der Patente noch Wissenslücken haben und legt auf verständliche Weise dar, dass sich Patente und wissenschaftliche Publikationen nicht ausschließen müssen. Patente bieten die Chance auf eine weitere Einnahmequelle (Arbeitnehmererfindervergütung) und können sogar die Grundlage für ein Spin-Off und somit eine eigene Unternehmens(mit)gründung sein. Dieses Werk bietet einen Leitfaden, um sich im komplizierten Prozess der Patenterteilung zurechtzufinden und ermöglicht so dem Leser, für seine eigene Patentanmeldung effektiv mit dem Patentfachmann zusammenzuarbeiten.
Uncertain Risks Regulated (Law, Science and Society)
by Ellen Vos Michelle EversonUncertain Risks Regulated compares various models of risk regulation in order to understand how these systems shape the relationship between law and science, and how they attempt to overcome public distrust in science-based decision-making. The book contributes to the ongoing debate relating to uncertainty and risks - and the difficulties faced by the European Union in particular - in regulating theses issues, taking account of both national and international constraints. The term 'uncertain risk' is comparable with notions of hazard and indeterminate risk, as deployed within the social sciences; but it also aims to capture the modern regulatory reality that a non-quantifiable hazard must still be addressed by society, law and its regulators. Decisions must be taken in the face of uncertainty. And, whilst it is not possible to provide clear cut models of risk regulation, in focusing on regulatory practices at a national, EU and international level, the contributors to this volume aim to use fact finding as a core instrument of learning for risk regulation.
The Function of Public International Law
by Jan Anne VosThis book addresses fundamental aspects of the concept of public international law in both theory and practice. The argument developed by the author is that, underlying the traditional, horizontal, structure of public international law, a vertical structure of the concept of law may be discerned. This vertical structure is seen unfolding into two, mutually exclusive, frameworks: a framework of obligation, accounting for obligations, and a framework of authorization, accounting for rights. The problem then arising is that a concept of public international law which only admits either rights or obligations cannot be regarded as coherent. The author, however, takes and substantiates the position that coherence can be achieved by suppressing the mutual exclusivity of both frameworks. This move paves the way to formulating the function of public international law in terms of the constituting of international society. Since in public international law the theoretical aspects profoundly affect practice, this book is not only of interest to academics, but also for practitioners, such as officials of foreign offices and international institutions.
The Function of Public International Law
by Jan Anne VosThis book addresses fundamental aspects of the concept of public international law in both theory and practice. The argument developed by the author is that, underlying the traditional, horizontal, structure of public international law, a vertical structure of the concept of law may be discerned. This vertical structure is seen unfolding into two, mutually exclusive, frameworks: a framework of obligation, accounting for obligations, and a framework of authorization, accounting for rights. The problem then arising is that a concept of public international law which only admits either rights or obligations cannot be regarded as coherent. The author, however, takes and substantiates the position that coherence can be achieved by suppressing the mutual exclusivity of both frameworks. This move paves the way to formulating the function of public international law in terms of the constituting of international society. Since in public international law the theoretical aspects profoundly affect practice, this book is not only of interest to academics, but also for practitioners, such as officials of foreign offices and international institutions.
The Cambridge Handbook of Technological Disruption in Labour and Employment Law (Cambridge Law Handbooks Ser.)
by Marc De Vos Gordon Anderson Evert Verhulp
Caucasians Only: The Supreme Court, the NAACP, and the Restrictive Covenant Cases
by Clement E. VoseThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1959.
The Art Of Keeping Snakes
by Philippe De VosjoliFor author Philippe de Vosjoli, "art is the actualization of a personal vision or message," and de Vosjoli's passion is snakes, which he believes are among the most beautiful animals on earth. Incorporating snakes into a naturalistic vivarium, the way lizards and amphibians usually are, adds a new element to snake keeping, elevating the hobby to a true art form. In The Art of Keeping Snakes, de Vosjoli pursues this concept and provides advice for snake keepers who wish to create beautiful displays for their snakes, putting the animals' welfare and quality of life above all else and simultaneously enhancing their own enjoyment in observing their beautiful snakes in naturalistic environments. Beautifully photographed, inspiring, and informative, The Art of Keeping Snakes is divided into two parts, the first "A New Way to Keep Snakes," discusses design planning, enclosures and background possibilities, substrates, landscaping, plants, heating/lighting, quarantine and introducing the snakes to the vivarium. This part also includes chapters on feeding, handling, health care, and general maintenance and husbandry. The second part, "Best Display Snakes," presents over thirty different snakes, including photographs, physical descriptions, and tips for selection, handling, vivarium design tips, feeding, and breeding. The snakes in this part are divided into chapters, categorized by pythons, boas, water and garter snakes, hognose snakes, rat snakes, kingsnakes and milksnakes, and others. Resources and index included.
Forensic Metrology: Scientific Measurement and Inference for Lawyers, Judges, and Criminalists (International Forensic Science and Investigation)
by null Ted Vosk null Ashley F. EmeryForensic metrology is the application of scientific measurement to the investigation and prosecution of crime. Forensic measurements are relied upon to determine breath and blood alcohol and drug concentrations, weigh seized drugs, perform accident reconstruction, and for many other applications. Forensic metrology provides a basic framework for th
Closing the Enforcement Gap: Improving Employment Standards Protections for People in Precarious Jobs (Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy)
by Leah Faith VoskoThe nature of employment is changing: low wage jobs are increasingly common, fewer workers belong to unions, and workplaces are being transformed through the growth of contracting-out, franchising, and extended supply chains. Closing the Enforcement Gap offers a comprehensive analysis of the enforcement of employment standards in Ontario. Adopting mixed methods, this work includes qualitative research involving in-depth interviews with workers, community advocates, and enforcement officials; extensive archival research excavating decades of ministerial records; and analysis of a previously untapped source of administrative data collected by Ontario’s Ministry of Labour. The authors reveal and trace the roots of a deepening "enforcement gap" that pervades nearly all aspects of the regime, demonstrating that the province’s Employment Standards Act (ESA) fails too many workers who rely on the floor of minimum conditions it was devised to provide. Arguably, there is nothing inevitable about the enforcement gap in Ontario or for that matter elsewhere. Through contributions from leading employment standards enforcement scholars in the US, the UK, and Australia, as well as Quebec, Closing the Enforcement Gap surveys innovative enforcement models that are emerging in a variety of jurisdictions and sets out a bold vision for strengthening employment standards enforcement. Closing the Enforcement Gap Research Group Leah F. VoskoGuliz AkkaymakRebecca CaseyShelley CondrattoJohn GrundyAlan HallAlice HoeKiran MirchandaniAndrea M. NoackUrvashi Soni-SinhaMercedes SteedmanMark P. ThomasEric M. Tucker International/Quebec ContributorsNick ClarkDalia Gesualdi-FecteauTess HardyJohn HoweGuylaine ValléeDavid Weil
Der Schutz genetischer Daten
by Cosima VossenkuhlDie inzwischen weit fortgeschrittenen Möglichkeiten der Analyse menschlichen Erbmaterials rufen einerseits Hoffnung und Erwartungen, andererseits eine diffuse Angst vor genetischem Determinismus und Reduktionismus hervor. Aber welches Wissen vermittelt ein Gentest überhaupt? Genetische Testergebnisse sind in hohem Maße interpretationsbedürftig. Die mit der Missinterpretation oder dem Missverständnis von Testergebnissen verbundenen Gefahren sind dabei kaum zu überschätzen. Nach einer schwierigen und über Jahrzehnte andauernden Debatte ist das Gendiagnostikgesetz (GenDG) im Februar 2010 in Kraft getreten. Allerdings wird das GenDG der Notwendigkeit verbindlicher Vorgaben zum Schutze des Einzelnen vor der Kenntnis seiner eigenen genetischen Disposition und vor der Verwendung seiner genetischen Daten und Proben durch Dritte bestenfalls partiell gerecht. Die Autorin verwertet die Vorgeschichte des noch jungen Gesetzes und erläutert die Regelungsmotive und Gefahrenpotentiale im Bereich der Gendiagnostik. Anhand der wichtigsten Regelungen des GenDG werden seine Leitprinzipien herausgearbeitet und die Grenzen und Defizite des Gesetzes offengelegt. Die gravierendsten Regelungslücken bestehen nach Auffassung der Autorin im Hinblick auf die Forschung am Menschen (Humanbiobanken) und genetische Untersuchungen zu nicht-medizinischen Zwecken (life-style-tests, Verhaltensgenetik). Das Buch analysiert die geltende Rechtslage und zeigt anhand noch bestehender Defizite die Schwerpunkte der künftigen Diskussion über die Gendiagnostik auf.
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, & Inuit Issues in Canada
by Chelsea VowelDelgamuukw. Sixties Scoop. Bill C-31. Blood quantum. Appropriation. Two-Spirit. Tsilhqot&’in. Status. TRC. RCAP. FNPOA. Pass and permit. Numbered Treaties. Terra nullius. The Great Peace… Are you familiar with the terms listed above? In Indigenous Writes, Chelsea Vowel, legal scholar, teacher, and intellectual, opens an important dialogue about these (and more) concepts and the wider social beliefs associated with the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and Canada. In 31 essays, Chelsea explores the Indigenous experience from the time of contact to the present, through five categories—Terminology of Relationships; Culture and Identity; Myth-Busting; State Violence; and Land, Learning, Law, and Treaties. She answers the questions that many people have on these topics to spark further conversations at home, in the classroom, and in the larger community. Indigenous Writes is one title in The Debwe Series.
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, & Inuit Issues in Canada
by Chelsea VowelDelgamuukw. Sixties Scoop. Bill C-31. Blood quantum. Appropriation. Two-Spirit. Tsilhqot&’in. Status. TRC. RCAP. FNPOA. Pass and permit. Numbered Treaties. Terra nullius. The Great Peace… Are you familiar with the terms listed above? In Indigenous Writes, Chelsea Vowel, legal scholar, teacher, and intellectual, opens an important dialogue about these (and more) concepts and the wider social beliefs associated with the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and Canada. In 31 essays, Chelsea explores the Indigenous experience from the time of contact to the present, through five categories—Terminology of Relationships; Culture and Identity; Myth-Busting; State Violence; and Land, Learning, Law, and Treaties. She answers the questions that many people have on these topics to spark further conversations at home, in the classroom, and in the larger community. Indigenous Writes is one title in The Debwe Series.
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, & Inuit Issues in Canada
by null Chelsea VowelDelgamuukw. Sixties Scoop. Bill C-31. Blood quantum. Appropriation. Two-Spirit. Tsilhqot’in. Status. TRC. RCAP. FNPOA. Pass and permit. Numbered Treaties. Terra nullius. The Great Peace… Are you familiar with the terms listed above? In Indigenous Writes, Chelsea Vowel, legal scholar, teacher, and intellectual, opens an important dialogue about these (and more) concepts and the wider social beliefs associated with the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and Canada. In 31 essays, Chelsea explores the Indigenous experience from the time of contact to the present, through five categories—Terminology of Relationships; Culture and Identity; Myth-Busting; State Violence; and Land, Learning, Law, and Treaties. She answers the questions that many people have on these topics to spark further conversations at home, in the classroom, and in the larger community. Indigenous Writes is one title in The Debwe Series.
Moral Development: Theory and Applications
by Elizabeth C. VozzolaA CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2014! This class-tested text provides a comprehensive overview of the classical and current theories of moral development and applications of these theories in various counseling and educational settings. Lively and accessible, this text engages students through numerous examples and boxes that highlight applications of moral development concepts in today’s media and/or interviews from some of today’s leading theorists or practitioners. Dilemma of the Day boxes help readers apply theory to real world situations. Each chapter concludes with discussion questions and further resources. Summary tables of theory strengths and weaknesses (Part 1) and tables that connect applications to their theoretical roots are provided in Part 2. Other highlights include: Provides an excellent resource for courses addressing the CACREP program objectives for Human Growth and Development. Emphasis on application helps readers make the connection between theory and moral issues of our time. Examines changes across time and experience in how people understand right and wrong and individual differences in moral judgments, emotions, and actions. Demonstrates how theory is used by today‘s helping professionals (Part 1). Integrates issues of gender and ethnicity throughout to prepare readers for practicing in a global culture. Chapter on global perspectives (ch. 6) reviews theories on the cultural aspects of morality including examples from China, Islam, Latin America, and Africa. Reviews the latest research methods techniques used in the field. Integrates classic work with contemporary guidelines for assessment and treatment. Highlights research on the moral and empathic development of antisocial youth, psychopaths, and individuals diagnosed on the Autism Spectrum. Each chapter in Part 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the theory under review, its strengths and challenges, and examples of how the theory applies to helping professionals. The theories covered include those by Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Rest, Gilligan, Nodding, Bandura, Turiel, Nucci, Haidt, and Shweder. Part 1 concludes with a summary of the key points and the strengths and weaknesses of each of the theories reviewed. Part 2 highlights promising applications of moral development theory in education and counseling. These include coverage of character education programs based on sound developmental theory and examples of how drawing on a deep grounding in moral development theory can help future counselors better evaluate their clients’ cognitive, emotional and behavioral challenges. The text explores specific approaches to helping clients with a variety of dysfunctional or developmental behavior problems like conduct disorder and psychopathy. Ideal as a text for advanced undergraduate and/or graduate courses on moral development or moral psychology or as a supplement in courses on human and/or child and/or social and personality development taught in psychology, counseling, education, human development, family studies, social work, and religion, this book’s applied approach also appeals to mental health and school counselors.
Moral Development: Theory and Applications
by Elizabeth C. Vozzola Amie K. SenlandMoral Development offers a comprehensive overview of classic and current theories of moral development and applications of these theories in various counseling and educational settings. It examines changes across time and experience in how people understand right and wrong, and individual differences in moral judgements, emotions, and actions. Elizabeth C. Vozzola and Amie K. Senland review the latest research in the field and integrate classic work with contemporary perspectives on assessment and treatment. Part 1 provides an understanding of a range of theories, explaining their strengths and challenges, and offering examples of how these theories apply to helping professionals. It covers Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Rest, Gilligan, Nodding, Bandura, Turiel, Nucci, Narvaez, Haidt, and Shweder. Part 2 highlights promising applications of moral development theory in education and counseling. Fully updated with new chapters on faith development and moral and prosocial development in infancy and early childhood, the text explores specific approaches to helping clients with a variety of clinical or developmental challenges and provides an excellent resource for courses addressing the CACREP program objectives for Human Growth and Development. It also integrates issues of gender, ethnicity, and culture throughout to prepare readers for practicing in a global culture and presents a new perspective: the cultural developmental approach. Illustrated throughout with examples that highlight applications of moral development concepts in today’s media, it also includes interviews from some of today’s leading theorists and practitioners. Ideal as a text for advanced courses on moral development and moral psychology, as well as courses on human, child, social and personality development taught in psychology, counseling, education, human development, family studies, social work, and religion. Its applied approach also appeals to mental health and school counselors.
State Ocean Jurisdiction (Routledge Research on the Law of the Sea)
by Patrick Henri VranckenProposing a systematic analytical framework which assists in understanding and applying the international law regime governing State ocean jurisdiction with a view to improved ocean governance for sustainable development, this book distinguishes between, and focuses on, the form, the ground, the scope and the purpose of State ocean jurisdiction. Defining jurisdiction as the international-law authority of a State to be involved in a factual matter on the basis of a valid legal ground to perform authoritative acts impacting on that matter, it disaggregates the concept the complexity of which often leads to States failing to make full use of their existing ocean jurisdictions. In the process, it identifies when and to what extent there are gaps and overlaps of jurisdictions. Bringing clarity on an inevitably complex and often misunderstood framework that is aimed at striking a universally accepted balance of competing interests, the book lays the foundation for future research, contextualising the position of State ocean jurisdiction not only in terms of ocean governance, but in the whole of public international law. With an original systematic focus on State ocean jurisdiction, the book will be of interest to academics, students and practitioners working in the areas of international law of the sea, ocean governance, human rights and environmental law.
Investment Screening and WTO Law: The Example of the EU Screening Regulation (SpringerBriefs in Law)
by Erich VranesIn recent years, there has been a worldwide intensification in the use of investment screening mechanisms. This surge is connected with political re-orientations, the rise of new economic powers, and security concerns. Despite the considerable effects that investment screening may have on international investment and trade, there is hardly any literature examining the consequences to be drawn from relevant WTO rules for investment screening. However, the importance of WTO law for such instruments is substantial not least due to the broad scopes of application of the GATT and GATS agreements. The risk that screening activities could be challenged before the WTO is underlined by pertinent panel reports. This book in particular uses the 2019 EU Screening Regulation as an example for illustrating the relevance that WTO law has for investment screening. It concludes that in the light of relevant WTO rulings screening activities undertaken for public order and security reasons may face considerable hurdles not least in the general exceptions and security exceptions of the GATT and the GATS.
WTO Security Exceptions in Practice and Scholarship: Curtailing “Trump Cards” through Proportionality (SpringerBriefs in Law)
by Erich VranesThis book offers an in-depth analysis of the WTO security exceptions and relevant rulings by WTO dispute settlement panels. The WTO security exceptions are commonly regarded as the "box of Pandora" of the WTO system, since WTO Member States can invoke them in order to justify trade restrictions violating WTO law which they consider necessary for their essential security interests. The Members of the WTO and the GATT 1947 have hesitated for decades to rely on these security exceptions. In recent years, however, these clauses have been invoked for the first time in high-profile disputes involving Russia and Ukraine, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, as well as the US, China, the EU and other nations. This has been regarded as the turn of an era in view of the risk that the security exceptions could be instrumentalized to undermine the WTO and the international economic governance system more generally. This study therefore thoroughly analyses the WTO panel reports issued in these landmark cases. It also explains the geopolitical relevance of the increasing invocation of security clauses and argues that the legally and methodologically sound application of the WTO security exceptions, which have often been regarded as “self-judging” provisions, requires a proportionality analysis encompassing tests of the suitability and necessity of the trade measures to be justified under these truly exceptional clauses.