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Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 1: Processes, Raw Materials and Numerical Simulation
by Patrice Peyre Éric CharkalukOver the last decade or so, additive manufacturing has revolutionized design and manufacturing methods by allowing more freedom in design and functionalities unattainable with conventional processes. This has generated extraordinarily high interest in both industrial and academic communities.Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 1 puts forward a state of the art of additive manufacturing and its different processes, from metallic raw materials (in the form of powder or wire) to their properties after elaboration. It analyzes the physics and the modelling of existing AM processes as well as future elaboration processes.Using a balanced approach encapsulating basic notions and more advanced aspects for each theme, this book acts as a metal additive manufacturing textbook, as useful to professionals in the field as to the general public.
Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 2: Microstructures, Post-processing and Use Properties
by Patrice Peyre Éric CharkalukOver the last decade or so, additive manufacturing has revolutionized design and manufacturing methods by allowing more freedom in design and functionalities unattainable with conventional processes. This has generated extraordinarily high interest in both industrial and academic communities. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 2 puts forward a state of the art of additive manufacturing and its different processes, from metallic raw materials (in the form of powder or wire) to their properties after elaboration. It analyzes the microstructures and post-processing of existing AM materials as well as their use properties. Using a balanced approach encapsulating basic notions and more advanced aspects for each theme, this book acts as a metal additive manufacturing textbook, as useful to professionals in the field as to the general public.
Additive Manufacturing of Metals: From Fundamental Technology to Rocket Nozzles, Medical Implants, and Custom Jewelry (Springer Series in Materials Science #258)
by John O. MilewskiThis engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means. The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects. A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.
Additive Manufacturing of Metals: The Technology, Materials, Design and Production (Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing)
by Francisco Medina Li Yang Keng Hsu Brian Baughman Donald Godfrey Mamballykalathil Menon Soeren WienerThis book offers a unique guide to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of metals. It covers various aspects of additive, subtractive, and joining processes used to form three-dimensional parts with applications ranging from prototyping to production. Examining a variety of manufacturing technologies and their ability to produce both prototypes and functional production-quality parts, the individual chapters address metal components and discuss some of the important research challenges associated with the use of these technologies. As well as exploring the latest technologies currently under development, the book features unique sections on electron beam melting technology, material lifting, and the importance this science has in the engineering context. Presenting unique real-life case studies from industry, this book is also the first to offer the perspective of engineers who work in the field of aerospace and transportation systems, and who design components and manufacturing networks. Written by the leading experts in this field at universities and in industry, it provides a comprehensive textbook for students and an invaluable guide for practitioners
Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Advancements (Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies)
by Ankit Sharma Ranvijay Kumar Atul Babbar Vikas Dhawan Nishant RanjanApplication of additive manufacturing and tissue engineering in the fields of science and technology enables the manufacturing of biocompatible, customized, reliable, and cost-effective parts, restoring the functionality of a failed human body part. This book offers a platform for recent breakthroughs in additive manufacturing related to biomedical applications. This book highlights some of the top innovations and advances in additive manufacturing and processing technologies that are the future of the manufacturing industry while also presenting current challenges and opportunities regarding the choice of material. This book includes areas of applications such as surgical guides, tissue regeneration, artificial scaffolds, implants, and drug delivery and release. Throughout the book, an emphasis is placed on rapid tooling for engineering applications. Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Advancements acts as a first-hand source of information for academic scholars and commercial manufacturers as they make strategic manufacturing and development plans.
Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications
by Rajendra M. BelokarThis reference text discusses integrated approaches to improve the objectives of additive manufacturing in medical application. The text covers case studies related to product design and development, discuses biomaterials, applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning using additive manufacturing techniques. It covers important topics including 3D printing technology, materials for 3D printing in medicine, rapid prototyping in clinical applications, and use of additive manufacturing in customized bone tissue engineering scaffold. The text- Discusses additive manufacturing techniques and their utilization in medical applications. Covers important applications of additive manufacturing in the fields of medicine, education and space industry. Explores regulatory challenges associated with the emergence of additive manufacturing. Examines the use of rapid prototyping in clinical applications. The text will serve as a useful reference guide for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of industrial engineering, manufacturing science, mechanical engineering, and aerospace engineering. This book discusses important application areas of additive manufacturing, including medicine, education, and the space industry, this reference text will be a serve as a useful text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of industrial engineering, manufacturing science, mechanical engineering, and aerospace engineering.
Additive Manufacturing with Metals: Design, Processes, Materials, Quality Assurance, and Applications
by Sanjay Joshi Richard P. Martukanitz Abdalla R. Nassar Pan MichalerisThis textbook and reference provides a comprehensive treatment of additive manufacturing (AM) for metals, including design and digital work flows, process science and reliability, metallic systems, quality assurance, and applications. The book is rooted in the fundamental science necessary to develop and understand AM technologies, as well as the application of engineering principles covering several disciplines to successfully exploit this important technology. As additive manufacturing of metals is the fastest growing subset of this transformative technology, with the potential to make the widest impact to industrial production, Metals Additive Manufacturing: Design, Processes, Materials, Quality Assurance, and Applications is ideal for students in a range of engineering disciplines and practitioners working in aerospace, automotive, medical device manufacturing industries.
Additive Manufacturing with Novel Materials: Process, Properties and Applications
by R. Rajasekar C. Moganapriya P. Sathish KumarADDITIVE MANUFACTURING With NOVEL MATERIALS The book explores practically the latest advancements and techniques in 3D and 4D printing using innovative and unconventional materials. This book comprehensively provides insights into various additive manufacturing processes, novel materials, and their properties, as well as the basic knowledge of AM process parameters, post-processing techniques, and their applications. It also explores the fundamental concepts and recent advancements in the development of novel materials for several applications, with special emphasis on platforms like AM techniques for polymers, ceramics, metallic materials, composites, nanomaterials, hydrogels, etc. Specific topics like environmental aspects of 3D printing and advanced 4D printing are also introduced. The technological aspects of AM are discussed in a concise and understandable way, with extensive illustrations. Also covered are the challenges and opportunities that arise from 3D printing with these materials. Audience The book will benefit researchers and industry engineers who work in additive manufacturing, mechanical engineering, 3D/4D printing, and materials science.
Additive Manufacturing – Developments in Training and Education
by Alain Bernard Eujin Pei Mario MonzónThis book provides an overview of training and teaching methods, as well as education strategies, for Additive Manufacturing (AM) and its application in different business sectors. It presents real-world applications and case studies to demonstrate the key practical and theoretical fundamentals of AM training, written by international experts from the field. Additive Manufacturing is a rapidly developing technology, and having a well-trained workforce is essential. Accordingly, readers are introduced to new training approaches and recent breakthroughs that can facilitate and accelerate the design, application and implementation of AM.The book’s contributors discuss many topics to provide readers a fundamental grasp of AM, including:· collaboration among educational bodies, and between industry and governments;· strategies for implementing AM training;· new teaching methods;· training programs that provide alternative employment choices;· the need for certification by professional bodies; and· promoting awareness of AM in society. This book offers an excellent source of information for researchers and industrial engineers who are interested in expanding their AM expertise, and learning how to implement it. It will also be of interest to readers who want to learn about the practicalities of adopting training and teaching for AM.
Additive Manufacturing, Second Edition
by Susmita Bose Amit BandyopadhyayThe field of additive manufacturing is growing dynamically as the interest is persisting from manufacturing sector, including other sectors as well. Conceptually, additive manufacturing is a way to build parts without using any part-specific tooling or dies from the computer-aided design (CAD) file of the part. Second edition of Additive Manufacturing highlights the latest advancements in the field, taking an application oriented approach. It includes new material on traditional polymer based rapid prototyping technologies, additive manufacturing of metals and alloys including related design issues. Each chapter comes with suggested reading, questions for instructors and PowerPoint slides.
Additive Manufacturing: Advanced Materials and Design Techniques (Mathematical Engineering, Manufacturing, and Management Sciences)
by Yashvir Singh Nishant K. Singh Pulak Mohan PandeyThe text explores the development, use, and effect of additive manufacturing and digital manufacturing technologies for diverse applications. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in diverse engineering fields including industrial, manufacturing, and materials science. This book: Discusses the application of 3D virtual models to lasers, electron beams, and computer-controlled additive manufacturing machines Covers applications of additive manufacturing in diverse areas including healthcare, electronics engineering, and production engineering Explains the use of additive manufacturing for biocomposites and functionally graded materials Highlights rapid manufacturing of metallic components using 3D printing Illustrates production and optimization of dental crowns using additive manufacturing This book covers recent developments in manufacturing technology, such as additive manufacturing, 3D printing, rapid prototyping, production process operations, and manufacturing sustainability. The text further emphasizes the use of additive manufacturing for biocomposites and functionally graded materials. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, automotive engineering, aerospace engineering, and materials science.
Additive Manufacturing: Applications and Innovations (Manufacturing Design and Technology)
by Rupinder Singh and J. Paulo DavimThere has been a great deal of progress in additive manufacturing (AM) during the past two decades and recent developments have been highlighted by many researchers. However, until now, there has been a limit to what is available for beginners in a step-by-step format, showcasing the different commercial AM technologies for field application. This book helps fill that gap. Additive Manufacturing: Applications and Innovations presents case studies of commonly used AM technologies with basic numerical problems for better understanding. It also includes hybrid processes and 4D printing applications, which currently are not offered in other AM books. Features Offers solved and unsolved problems in additive manufacturing Provides an understanding for additive manufacturing per international standards Includes case studies for better understanding of the individual processes Presents a review of specific technology highlights Introduces future research directions, mainly in 4D printing applications
Additive Manufacturing: Design, Processes and Applications (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Panagiotis StavropoulosThis book is a comprehensive guide to Additive Manufacturing (AM) product development. It offers a practical, reader-friendly approach to integrating the stages of product development. It covers current design and manufacturing strategies with a step-by-step approach, divided into three pillars: design, processes, and applications.The book addresses the challenges hindering the industrial application of AM and provides a roadmap for its successful implementation. It discusses specific AM case studies and hybrid AM cell and production line setups, with the goal of achieving high-quality, low-cost products that are both flexible and productive. The book concludes with an examination of Industry 4.0 capabilities in decentralized manufacturing.It is aimed to be read by researchers and professionals in industry who are interested in the development and potential of additive manufacturing, and will help to lead to wider adoption of AM.
Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Advancements
by Sandeep Rathee Manu Srivastava Sachin Maheshwari Tk KundraThere is a growing need for manufacturing optimization all over the world. The immense market of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies dictates a need for a book that will provide knowledge of the various aspects of AM for anyone interested in learning about this fast-growing topic. This book disseminates knowledge of AM amongst scholars at graduate level, post graduate level, doctoral level, as well as industry personnel. The objective is to offer a state-of-the-art book which covers all aspects of AM and incorporates all information regarding trends, historical developments, classifications, materials, tooling, software issues, dynamic design, principles, limitations, and communication interfaces in a one-stop resource. Features: Breaks down systematic coverage of various aspects of AM within four distinct sections Contains details of various AM techniques based on ASTM guidelines Discusses many AM applications with suitable illustrations Includes recent trends in the field of AM Covers engineering materials utilized as raw materials in AM Compares AM techniques with different traditional manufacturing methods
Additive Manufacturing: Innovations, Advances, and Applications
by T. S. Srivatsan T. S. SudarshanGet Ready for the Future of Additive ManufacturingAdditive Manufacturing: Innovations, Advances, and Applications explores the emerging field of additive manufacturing (AM)-the use of 3D printing to make prototype parts on demand. Often referred to as the third industrial revolution, AM offers many advantages over traditional manufacturing. This pr
Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Functionalities and Applications
by Kun ZhouThis book focuses on the advances of additive manufacturing in the applications of wearable electronics, energy storage, biomedical implants and devices, drug delivery, and technologies for 4D printing, large-scale printing, and ceramics printing. It provides timely insights into the materials, functionalities, and applications of additive manufacturing.
Additive Number Theory: Festschrift In Honor of the Sixtieth Birthday of Melvyn B. Nathanson
by David Chudnovsky Gregory ChudnovskyThis impressive volume is dedicated to Mel Nathanson, a leading authoritative expert for several decades in the area of combinatorial and additive number theory. For several decades, Mel Nathanson's seminal ideas and results in combinatorial and additive number theory have influenced graduate students and researchers alike. The invited survey articles in this volume reflect the work of distinguished mathematicians in number theory, and represent a wide range of important topics in current research.
Additive and Advanced Manufacturing, Inverse Problem Methodologies and Machine Learning and Data Science, Volume 4: Proceedings of the 2023 Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics (Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series)
by Marco Rossi Sharlotte L. B. Kramer Johan Hoefnagels François Hemez Emily Retzlaff Piyush Thakre Attilio Lattanzi Mostafa Mirshekari Austin DowneyAdditive and Advanced Manufacturing, Inverse Problem Methodologies and Machine Learning and Data Science, Volume 4 of the Proceedings of the 2023 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the fourth volume of five from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of topics and includes papers in the following general technical research areas: AM Composites and Polymers Dynamic Behavior of Additively Manufactured Materials and Structures Joint Residual Stress and Additive Manufacturing ML for Material Model Identification Novel AM Structures Novel Processing and Testing of Additively Manufactured Materials Plasticity and Complex Material Behavior Virtual Fields Method
Additive and Advanced Manufacturing, Inverse Problem Methodologies and Machine Learning and Data Science, Volume 4: Proceedings of the 2023 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics
by Marco Rossi Johan Hoefnagels François Hemez Emily Retzlaff Piyush Thakre Attilio Lattanzi Mostafa Mirshekari Austin Downey Kramer, Sharlotte L. BAdditive and Advanced Manufacturing, Inverse Problem Methodologies and Machine Learning and Data Science, Volume 4 of the Proceedings of the 2023 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the fourth volume of five from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of topics and includes papers in the following general technical research areas: AM Composites and Polymers Dynamic Behavior of Additively Manufactured Materials and Structures Joint Residual Stress and Additive Manufacturing ML for Material Model Identification Novel AM Structures Novel Processing and Testing of Additively Manufactured Materials Plasticity and Complex Material Behavior Virtual Fields Method.
Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Processes: Principles and Applications
by Varun Sharma Pulak Mohan PandeyThis reference text discusses fundamentals, classification, principles, applications of additive and subtractive manufacturing processes in a single volume. The text discusses 3D printing techniques with the help of practical case studies, covers rapid tooling using microwave sintering and ultrasonic assisted sintering process, and covers different hybrid manufacturing techniques like cryo-MQL, and textured cutting inserts. It covers important topics including green manufacturing, ultrasonic assisted machining, electro thermal based non-conventional machining processes, metal based additive manufacturing, LASER based additive manufacturing, indirect rapid tooling, and polymer based additive manufacturing. The book- Discusses additive and subtractive manufacturing processes in detail. Covers hybrid manufacturing processes. Provides life cycle analysis of conventional machining. Discusses biomedical and industrial applications of additive manufacturing. The text will be useful for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in areas including industrial and manufacturing engineering, mechanical engineering, and production engineering. Discussing the sustainability aspects of conventional machining in reducing carbon footprint of machining by adopting different hybrid and non-conventional machining processes, this text will be useful for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in areas including industrial and manufacturing engineering, mechanical engineering, and production engineering.
Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing of Composites (Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing)
by Munish Kumar Gupta Suchart Siengchin Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa Qinghua SongThis book describes crucial aspects related to the additive and subtractive manufacturing of different composites. The first half of this book mainly deals with the various types of composite fabrication methods along with the introduction, features and mechanisms and also the processing of composite materials via additive manufacturing route. Also, the thermal, mechanical, physical and chemical properties relevant to the processing of composite materials are included in the chapters. The second half of this book primarily demonstrates an extensive section on the different types of additive manufacturing processes like selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling and material jetting used to fabricate the metals and polymers. Also, the chapters address the complete description of fabrication processes for metal matrix composites and polymer matrix composites. Moreover, the different methods adopted such as short peening, micro-machining, heat-treatment and solution treatment to improve the surface improvement are well discussed. This book gives many helps to researchers and students in the fields of the additive and subtractive manufacturing of different composites.
Additive, Subtractive, and Hybrid Technologies: Recent Innovations in Manufacturing (Mechanical Engineering Series)
by Seeram Ramakrishna Chander Prakash Sunpreet SinghThis book provides readers with the comprehensive insights of the recent research breakthroughs in additive, subtractive, and hybrid technologies. Further, the book examines incomparable design and manufacturing independences, as well as strategies to upgrade the product performance characteristics through collaborating additive and subtractive technologies. Indeed, the intrinsic benefits and limitations of both additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies could be merged to obtain appreciable hybridizations. The editorial team members and contributors to Additive, Subtractive, and Hybrid Technologies are highly motivated experts committed to and the advance of hybrid manufacturing technologies.
Additively Manufactured Electrochemical Sensors: Design, Performance and Applications
by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain J. G. ManjunathaThis book is an essential guide to mastering 3D printed electrochemical sensors, offering a comprehensive roadmap from foundational principles and fabrication techniques to cutting-edge applications and real-world solutions. The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technologies, commonly known as 3D printing, has revolutionized various fields of science and engineering. Among these, the development of electrochemical sensors has particularly benefited from additive manufacturing’s unique capabilities. This book provides an exhaustive exploration of 3D printed electrochemical sensors, from foundational principles to cutting-edge applications. By meticulously detailing design considerations, fabrication techniques, and performance evaluation metrics, it offers readers a roadmap to navigate the complexities of this interdisciplinary domain. Furthermore, with its emphasis on real-world applications and case studies, the book ensures that the knowledge imparted is not just theoretical but has practical relevance. This comprehensive guide empowers readers to harness the potential of 3D printing in the realm of electrochemical sensing, driving innovations and solutions for real-world challenges. Readers will find the book: Provides an in-depth exploration of the design principles and fabrication techniques specific to 3D printed electrochemical sensors; Features knowledge to innovate and develop customized sensors tailored to specific applications, ensuring improved sensitivity, selectivity, and longevity of the sensors; Offers insights into calibration, sensitivity assessment, durability considerations, and validation protocols, highlights challenges in performance assessment, and suggests strategies to overcome them; Explores practical applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors across sectors like medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. Audience Researchers, academics, and professionals in the fields of additive manufacturing, electrochemistry, and sensor design.
Additives for High Performance Applications: Chemistry and Applications
by Johannes Karl FinkThis book focuses on the chemistry of additives for high performance applications and a large number of chemical formulas are displayed in the text. The additives applications include: Analysis and separation techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography, for example ionic liquids. Additives for electrical applications, such as capacitors, electrokinetic micropumps, lithium-ion batteries, and other battery types. Additives for solar cells for control of the active layer nanomorphology are documented as are additives for electrolyte membranes, fuel cells, such as membrane exchange humidifiers and coolant additives. Medical applications include high performance additives for the manufacture of scaffolds, controlled drug release, and nanofibers. Additives for lubricants including the deposit control, anti-wear additives, fluid loss control additives in drilling applications. Additives for concrete uses such as set retarders, curing accelerators, defoamers, permeability control additives, and corrosion protection additives.
Addlands: A Novel
by Tom BulloughThe stark beauty of the Welsh countryside is given powerful life in this sweeping tale of one family from World War II to the present day, for readers of Alice Munro, Kent Haruf, Bruce Chatwin, and Louise Erdrich.Addlands (i.e., headlands): the border of plough land which is ploughed last of all. The patriarch of Funnon Farm is Idris Hamer, stubborn, strong, a man of the plough and the prayer-sheet, haunted by his youth in the trenches of France. The son is Oliver, a junior boxing champion and hell-raising local legend who seems from birth inextricably rooted to his corner of Wales. Bridging these two men's uneasy relationship is Etty, a woman born into a world unequipped to deal with her. Following the Hamer family for seventy years, this novel's beauty is in its pure and moving prose, and its brilliant insight into a traditional way of life splintering in the face of inevitable change. Addlands is also a tale of blood feuds and momentous revelations, of the great dramas that simmer beneath the surface of the everyday. Through all the upheavals of the twentieth century, the only constant is the living presence of the land itself, a dazzling, harsh, and haunting terrain that Tom Bullough conjures with the skill and grace of a master. Advance praise for Addlands "This is the book we have been waiting for from Tom Bullough, a complete work of art, astonishingly beautiful, deeply moving, and gripping from first to last. Addlands appears to be a tale of the Welsh borders, told through the battles, loves, and losses of its Heathcliff hero, Oliver, but it is much more--the story of how the land made us all, and how the last century has changed us. Zola would have saluted it and pressed copies on his friends."--Horatio Clare, winner of the Somerset Maugham Award "Tom Bullough's story of one family's struggle in a world of continuity and change is beautifully imagined and exquisitely told--passionate, lyrical, profound, sad, and sometimes, too, when you least expect it, very funny."--Carys Davies, winner of the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award "Addlands is a gorgeous and painstaking evocation of the land and those who work it. Bullough's writing is a joy--disciplined, observant, and musical, blissfully free of cliché."--Andrew Miller, winner of the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award"An absolutely splendid book . . . Bullough roots the reader in the Welsh landscape, which like all inhabited landscapes is a place in flux--he wants us to make it our home, to get a sense of its light and shadow and textures. Of this place he's made a world that is rich and absorbing. Every time I'd pick up Addlands to read, I did so with relish--to return to these pages is to come back to terrain so lushly imagined that it feels luxurious to spend time there."--John Darnielle, New York Times bestselling author of Wolf in White Van "Addlands is a mesmerisingly beautiful experience, a haunting fusion of person, place, and history. It is a really important contribution to the literature of the Welsh borders."--Gerard Woodward"Marrow-deep in its connection to place yet global in its thematic exploration and significance, Addlands does what literature should unstintingly aspire to do: make individual lives the essential stuff of epic. In crystalline, perfect, and stunning prose, Tom Bullough sites, convincingly and movingly, the entire history of these islands in a small section of Radnorshire. It's an astonishing work of words"--Niall GriffithsFrom the Hardcover edition.