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Antimalarial Medicinal Plants (Exploring Medicinal Plants)
by Azamal HusenMalaria continues to affect a large population of the world, especially in third world countries. The spread of drug-resistant parasites demonstrates the need for antimalarial agents with various modes of action. The search for remedies derived from medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria is reliant on accurate ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological information obtained from traditional medical practitioners. Antimalarial Medicinal Plants provides information on bioactive compounds and therapeutic potentials of several antimalarial plant species found around the globe. This book evaluates these plant species with respect to their biology, diversity, distribution, and pharmacological values.A volume in the Exploring Medicinal Plants series, this book highlights trends, technologies, processes, and services important to and necessary for efficient production, use, and understanding of medicinal qualities of antimalarial plants. It critically examines claims made by traditional medical practitioners with scientific validations for safe herbal drug formulation. It is a reference work for researchers of herbal medicine, traditional healers, pharmacists, and students associated with plant sciences and economic botany.
Antimalarial Natural Products (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #117)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai Liu Verena M. DirschThis volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment, and then describes quinine’s biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine’s structure. It also covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of additional natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature’s combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. This book thus ends by identifying ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
Antiman: A Hybrid Memoir
by Rajiv MohabirWinner of the Restless Books Prize for New Immigrant Writing, Rajiv Mohabir’s Antiman is an impassioned, genre-blending memoir that navigates the fraught constellations of race, sexuality, and cultural heritage that have shaped his experiences as an Indo-Guyanese queer poet and immigrant to the United States. <p><p> Growing up a Guyanese Indian immigrant in Central Florida, Rajiv Mohabir is fascinated by his family’s abandoned Hindu history and the legacy of his ancestors, who were indentured laborers on British sugarcane plantations. In Toronto he sits at the feet of Aji, his grandmother, listening to her stories and songs in her Caribbean Bhojpuri. By now Aji’s eleven children have immigrated to North America and busied themselves with ascension, Christianity, and the erasure of their heritage and Caribbean accents. But Rajiv wants to know more: where did he come from, and why does he feel so out of place? <p><p> Embarking on a journey of discovery, he lives for a year in Varanasi, on the banks of the Ganges, perfecting his Hindi and Bhojpuri and tracing the lineage of his Aji’s music. Returning to Florida, the cognitive dissonance of confederate flags, Islamophobia, and his father’s disapproval sends him to New York, where finds community among like-minded brown activists, work as an ESL teacher, and intoxication in the queer nightlife scene. But even in the South Asian paradise of Jackson Heights, Rajiv feels like an outsider: “Coolie” rather than Desi. And then the final hammer of estrangement falls when his cousin outs him as an “antiman”—a Caribbean slur for men who love men—and his father and aunts disown him. <p><p> But Aji has taught Rajiv resilience. Emerging from the chrysalis of his ancestral poetics into a new life, he embraces his identity as a poet and reclaims his status as an antiman—forging a new way of being entirely his own. Rapturous, inventive, and devastating in its critique of our own failures of inclusion, Antiman is a hybrid memoir that helps us see ourselves and relationships anew, and announces an exciting new talent in Rajiv Mohabir.
Antimatter: What It Is and Why It's Important in Physics and Everyday Life
by Beatriz Gato-RiveraAntimatter is one of the most fascinating aspects of Particle Physics, and matter-antimatter annihilation the most energetic process in the universe. If they existed, everyday objects made of antimatter would look exactly like those made of ordinary matter, as would antimatter stars. We live surrounded by antimatter, since showers of matter and antimatter particles fall incessantly on the Earth's surface, some of them penetrating our buildings. Furthermore, many things around us - bananas, for example - actually emit antielectrons.This book first introduces the essentials of particle physics and the nature of particles and antiparticles. It describes the discovery of antimatter particles and explains how they are produced, where they are found, and how antistars could be spotted; it also introduces cosmic rays, particle accelerators, dark matter, dark energy and nuclear reactions in stars. The enigma of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe is discussed as are the very real applications of antimatter in hospitals, in industry and in cutting-edge research and technology, Non-specialist readers will find here a wealth of fascinating and accessible information to deepen their appreciation of antimatter.
Antimatter (Deep Space Nine #8)
by John VornholtThe Bajoran shipyard is assigned to build an engine for a new starship, a project which could be instrumental in revitalizing the planet's war-ravished economy. As Commander Sisko awaits the arrival of a tanker containing the antimatter that will power the starship, a band of hijackers captures the extremely valuable cargo and escapes through the wormhole. When the hijacking spurs a political debate, Major Kira struggles to mediate the dispute between the opposing factions. Meanwhile, Sisko makes a desperate move to retrieve the antimatter. With the stability of the Bajoran economy at stake, Sisko, Dax, and Odo infiltrate the hijackers, a move that could have deadly consequences for them and the planet Bajor.
Antimatter Blues: A Mickey7 Novel (Mickey7 #2)
by Edward AshtonEdward Ashton's Antimatter Blues is the thrilling follow up to Mickey7 in which an expendable heads out to explore new terrain for human habitation.Summer has come to Niflheim. The lichens are growing, the six-winged bat-things are chirping, and much to his own surprise, Mickey Barnes is still alive—that last part thanks almost entirely to the fact that Commander Marshall believes that the colony’s creeper neighbors are holding an antimatter bomb, and that Mickey is the only one who’s keeping them from using it. Mickey’s just another colonist now. Instead of cleaning out the reactor core, he spends his time these days cleaning out the rabbit hutches. It’s not a bad life.It’s not going to last.It may be sunny now, but winter is coming. The antimatter that fuels the colony is running low, and Marshall wants his bomb back. If Mickey agrees to retrieve it, he’ll be giving up the only thing that’s kept his head off of the chopping block. If he refuses, he might doom the entire colony. Meanwhile, the creepers have their own worries, and they’re not going to surrender the bomb without getting something in return. Once again, Mickey finds the fate of two species resting in his hands. If something goes wrong this time, though, he won’t be coming back.
Antimercantilism in Late Medieval English Literature
by Roger A. LaddThis study explores the relationship between ideology and subjectivity in late medieval literature, documenting the trajectory of antimercantile ideology against major developments in economic theory and practice in the later Middle Ages.
Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials: Polymers, Metals, Ceramics, and Applications
by Peerawatt Nunthavarawong Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa Suchart Siengchin Mathew Thoppil-MathewEmerging microbial and viral infections are a serious challenge to health, safety, and economics around the world. Antimicrobial and antiviral technologies are needed to disrupt the progression and replication of bacteria and viruses and to counter their rapidly evolving resistance. This book discusses recent developments in materials science and engineering in combating infectious diseases and explores advances in antimicrobial and antiviral materials, including polymers, metals, and ceramics and their applications in the fight against pathogens. Features • Covers progress in biomimetic antimicrobial and antiviral materials and antimicrobial/antiviral bulk materials and coatings • Describes modern methods for disinfection of biomedical materials against microbial and viral infection resistance, especially for depressing novel coronavirus (COVID-19) • Details methods to improve material properties to have a longer service life in combating infection • Emphasizes chemical, physical, mechanical, tribological, and antimicrobial/antiviral properties • Offers current and future applications of emerging antimicrobial/antiviral technologies This book will be of interest to materials researchers and industry professionals focusing on antimicrobial and antiviral applications.
Antimicrobial/Anti-Infective Materials: Principles and Applications
by Samuel P. Sawan Gurusamy ManivannanAs our consciousness of microbes increases, it appears that our desire to control our interactions with germs also increases in proportion. This is clearly demonstrated by examining the incredible growth in the number and sales volume of consumer products with antimicrobial claims. In the medical field as well, there is much interest in the use of
Antimicrobial Coatings and Modifications on Medical Devices
by Zheng Zhang Victoria E. WagnerBased on a fundamental understanding of the interaction between bacteria and materials, this timely volume emphasizes the latest research in the antimicrobial interfacial design and provides an invaluable blueprint for improving antimicrobial performance on devices and products. Antimicrobial Coatings and Modifications targets reduction of microbial accumulation on biomedical and industrial materials through changing interfacial characteristics. Applying a viable antimicrobial coating or modification to resist alarming threats is a highly demanding requirement for many medical and engineering applications. Many contemporary books in the area of antimicrobial solution focus on applying antimicrobial agents or materials that can kill bacteria. The volume pays more attention to eliminating bacterial contamination and biofilm formation through surface characteristics with minimized bacterial resistance and environmental impact.
Antimicrobial Compounds: Current Strategies and New Alternatives
by Tomás G. Villa Patricia Veiga-CrespoSince penicillin and salvarsan were discovered, a number of new drugs to combat infectious diseases have been developed, but at the same time, the number of multi-resistant microorganism strains is increasing. Thus, the design of new and effective antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents will be a major challenge in the next years. This book reviews the current state-of-the-art in antimicrobial research and discusses new strategies for the design and discovery of novel therapies. Topics covered include the use of genetic engineering, genome mining, manipulation of gene clusters, X-ray and neutron scattering as well as the antimicrobial effects of essential oils, antimicrobial agents of plant origin, beta-lactam antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and cell-wall-affecting antifungal antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Drug Discovery
by Eleftherios Mylonakis George Tegos Eliora Ron Arnold Demain Hattie GreshamDrug resistance is increasing among a variety of human pathogenic microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumaniii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. (currently dubbed the 'ESKAPE' pathogens), and has emerged as one of the most important clinical challenges of this century. Increased general awareness and fear of these pathogens means there is a growing demand for research to tackle the threat of multidrug resistance. Documenting the latest research in the field, this book discusses current and promising activities to discover new antimicrobials in five key areas: molecular genetics and systems microbiology; synthetic, computational chemistry and chemoinformatics; High Throughput Screening (HTS); non-vertebrate model hosts; and light- and nano-based technologies.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Volume 1 (Infectious Disease Ser.)
by Jack D. Sobel Douglas L. Mayers Marc Ouellette Keith S. Kaye Dror MarchaimThe two volumes included in Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, Second Edition is an updated, comprehensive and multidisciplinary reference covering the area of antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological perspectives. This newly revised compendium reviews the most current research and development on drug resistance while still providing the information in the accessible format of the first edition. The first volume, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, is dedicated to the biological basis of drug resistance and effective avenues for drug development. With the emergence of more drug-resistant organisms, the approach to dealing with the drug resistance problem must include the research of different aspects of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and the dissemination of resistance genes as well as research utilizing new genomic information. These approaches will permit the design of novel strategies to develop new antibiotics and preserve the effectiveness of those currently available. The second volume, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects, is devoted to the clinical aspects of drug resistance. Although there is evidence that restricted use of a specific antibiotic can be followed by a decrease in drug resistance to that agent, drug resistance control is not easily achieved. Thus, the infectious diseases physician requires input from the clinical microbiologist, antimicrobial stewardship personnel, and infection control specialist to make informed choices for the effective management of various strains of drug-resistant pathogens in individual patients. This 2-volume set is an important reference for students in microbiology, infectious diseases physicians, medical students, basic scientists, drug development researchers, microbiologists, epidemiologists, and public health practitioners.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects, Volume 2 (Infectious Disease Ser.)
by Jack D. Sobel Douglas L. Mayers Marc Ouellette Keith S. Kaye Dror MarchaimThe two volumes included in Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, Second Edition is an updated, comprehensive and multidisciplinary reference covering the area of antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological perspectives. This newly revised compendium reviews the most current research and development on drug resistance while still providing the information in the accessible format of the first edition. The first volume, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, is dedicated to the biological basis of drug resistance and effective avenues for drug development. With the emergence of more drug-resistant organisms, the approach to dealing with the drug resistance problem must include the research of different aspects of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and the dissemination of resistance genes as well as research utilizing new genomic information. These approaches will permit the design of novel strategies to develop new antibiotics and preserve the effectiveness of those currently available. The second volume, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects, is devoted to the clinical aspects of drug resistance. Although there is evidence that restricted use of a specific antibiotic can be followed by a decrease in drug resistance to that agent, drug resistance control is not easily achieved. Thus, the infectious diseases physician requires input from the clinical microbiologist, antimicrobial stewardship personnel, and infection control specialist to make informed choices for the effective management of various strains of drug-resistant pathogens in individual patients. This 2-volume set is an important reference for students in microbiology, infectious diseases physicians, medical students, basic scientists, drug development researchers, microbiologists, epidemiologists, and public health practitioners.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #618)
by Andrea Giuliani Andrea C. RinaldiThe action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), ranging from direct killing of invading pathogens to immune response modulation and other complex biological responses, has stimulated research and clinical interest for more than two decades, but the area is still burgeoning due to emerging discoveries in the functions, roles, and regulation of AMPs, thus making the study of antimicrobial peptides a multi-disciplinary and rapidly evolving field. In Antimicrobial Peptides: Methods and Protocols, leading investigators present a broad, up-to-date collection of current research and experimental methods for the isolation, characterization, production, and optimization of antimicrobial peptides. Additional chapters detail methodologies in several microscopy techniques, high-throughput screening, QSAR modeling, and computer-aided design used to study these compounds, while key review articles survey potential medical applications of antimicrobial peptides as innovative anti-infective and immunomodulatory agents, as well as emerging discoveries in their function, regulation, and roles in innate immunity. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and wide-ranging in its applications, Antimicrobial Peptides: Methods and Protocols provides both an authoritative guide for lab work on AMPs or related substances and a useful collection of thought stimuli to inspire further scientific endeavours in a wide array of vital fields.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #Volumbe 1548)
by Paul R. HansenThis volume provides basic and advanced laboratory protocols for the non-specialist and the experienced researcher. Chapters are divided into three parts covering synthesis and characterization of AMPs, studying the interaction of AMPs with model systems or bacteria, and assaying selected biological activities of AMPs. <P><P>Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Role in Human Health and Disease (Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases)
by Jürgen Harder Jens-M. SchröderThis book focuses on the importance of human antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in keeping the host healthy and preventing infectious diseases. The first chapters deal with several examples of the role of AMP in different epithelial organs (skin and wound healing, eye, lung, genito-urinary tract, gut), which are exposed to different kinds of infectious microorganisms and as a result produce different patterns of AMP. Examples of the dysregulation of AMP expression and function promoting infections are discussed. The capacity of AMP to restrict the availability of essential metals to bacteria as an efficient antibacterial strategy in nutritional immunity is discussed in the next chapter. Our current understanding of how vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, influences AMP-expression and how this can affect our health is also addressed. Last but not least, the role of AMP in HIV infection and the immunomodulatory properties of AMP highlight the diverse facets of AMP in host immunity. AMP's specific functions, including in fighting multi-resistant bacteria, suggest that they may offer therapeutic benefits - a question that is discussed in the final chapter.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Basics For Clinical Application (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1117)
by Katsumi MatsuzakiThis book presents an overview of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), their mechanisms of antimicrobial action, other activities, and various problems that must still be overcome regarding their clinical application. <P><P>Divided into four major parts, the book begins with a general overview of AMPs (Part I), and subsequently discusses the various mechanisms of antimicrobial action and methods for researching them (Part 2). It then addresses a range of activities other than antimicrobial action, such as cell penetration, antisepsis, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities (Part 3), and explores the prospects of clinical application from various standpoints such as the selective toxicity, design, and discovery of AMPs (Part 4). <P><P>A huge number of AMPs have been discovered in plants, insects, and vertebrates including humans, and constitute host defense systems against invading pathogenic microorganisms. Consequently, many attempts have been made to utilize AMPs as antibiotics. <P><P>AMPs could help to solve the urgent problem of drug-resistant bacteria, and are also promising with regard to sepsis and cancer therapy. Gathering a wealth of information, this book will be a bible for all those seeking to develop antibiotics, anti-sepsis, or anticancer agents based on AMPs.
Antimicrobial Peptides
by David A. Phoenix Frederick Harris Sarah R. DennisonIn this text, the small team of expert authors presents the field in a comprehensive and accessible manner that is well suited for students and junior researchers.The result is a highly readable and systematically structured introduction to antimicrobial peptides, their structure, biological function and mode of action. The authors point the way towards a rational design of this potentially highly effective new class of clinical antibiotics on the brink of industrial application. They do this by discussing their design principles, target membranes and structure-activity relationships. The final part of the book describes recent successes in the application of peptides as anticancer agents.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Discovery, Design and Novel Therapeutic Strategies
by Guangshun WangAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted extensive research attention worldwide. Harnessing and creating AMPs synthetically has the potential to help overcome increasing antibiotic resistance in many pathogens. This new edition lays the foundations for studying AMPs, including a discovery timeline, terminology, nomenclature and classifications. It covers current advances in AMP research and examines state-of-the-art technologies such as bioinformatics, combinatorial libraries, high-throughput screening, database-guided identification, genomics and proteomics-based prediction, and structure-based design of AMPs. Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition contains new content covering: defensins; cathelicidins; anti-MRSA, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antibiofilm strategies; combined treatments; adjuvants in vaccines; advances in AMP technologies that cover surface coating to prevent biofilm formation; nanofiber encapsulation technologies for delivery and sustained release; and understanding innate immunity and the basis for immune boosting to overcome obstacles in developing AMPs into therapeutic agents. Written and reviewed by a group of established investigators in the field, Antimicrobial Peptides is a valuable resource for postgraduate students, researchers, educators, and medical and industrial personnel.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Discovery, Design and Novel Therapeutic Strategies (Advances In Molecular And Cellular Microbiology Ser.)
by Guangshun WangAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted extensive research attention worldwide. Harnessing and creating AMPs synthetically has the potential to help overcome increasing antibiotic resistance in many pathogens. This new edition lays the foundations for studying AMPs, including a discovery timeline, terminology, nomenclature and classifications. It covers current advances in AMP research and examines state-of-the-art technologies such as bioinformatics, combinatorial libraries, high-throughput screening, database-guided identification, genomics and proteomics-based prediction, and structure-based design of AMPs. Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition contains new content covering: defensins; cathelicidins; anti-MRSA, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antibiofilm strategies; combined treatments; adjuvants in vaccines; advances in AMP technologies that cover surface coating to prevent biofilm formation; nanofiber encapsulation technologies for delivery and sustained release; and understanding innate immunity and the basis for immune boosting to overcome obstacles in developing AMPs into therapeutic agents. Written and reviewed by a group of established investigators in the field, Antimicrobial Peptides is a valuable resource for postgraduate students, researchers, educators, and medical and industrial personnel.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Discovery, Design and Novel Therapeutic Strategies
by Guangshun WangThis 18th in the series of Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology, examines new technologies such as bioinformatics, combinatorial libraries, high-throughput screening, peptidomimetics, biophysics, and structural biology, in addition to covering the current advances in AMP research. This volume also describes new methods and strategies for AMP prediction, design, and applications that overcome obstacles in developing them into therapeutic agents.
Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity (Progress in Inflammation Research)
by Sebastian A. Zaat Pieter S. HiemstraAntimicrobial peptides have been the subject of intense research in the past decades, and are now considered as an essential part of the defense system in bacteria, plants, animals and humans. his book provides an update on these effector molecules of the innate immune system both for researchers who are already actively involved in the area, and for those with a general interest in the topic. The book starts with an overview of the evolution of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides (including defensins), and the role of these peptides in host defense in plants and micro-organisms. The realization that antimicrobial peptides also display functions distinct from their direct antimicrobial action is the focus of the next chapters, and puts these peptides center stage in immunity and wound repair. Further chapters discuss the role of antimicrobial peptides in disease, by providing an overview of mechanisms in bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides and a discussion of their role in inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Finally, the book shows how knowledge of the function of antimicrobial peptides and their regulation can be used to design new therapies for inflammatory and infectious disorders. This is a very important area of research because of the increase in resistance of micro-organisms to conventional antibiotics. Therefore the use of synthetic or recombinant peptides, or agents that stimulate the endogenous production of antimicrobial peptides, provides an attractive alternative for conventional antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Peptides from Lactic Acid Bacteria: Diversity, Biosynthesis and Applications
by Prasun Kumar Subhasree Ray Manabendra MandalAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been sought to be a potential alternative to the current arsenal of antibiotics against undesirable microbes. AMPs synthesized by lactic acid bacteria have attracted significant attention due to their strong activity against a broad range of bacteria including pathogens. The bacteriocin (an AMP) has been known to us since early 1928, a year before penicillin was reported. This is possibly due to their narrower activity compared to antibiotics. However, several AMPs having promising activity have been thoroughly characterized in the past few decades. Renewed interest has developed focusing on industrially important bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Some of these AMPs are also active against food spoilage and clinically important pathogens. Similar to antibiotics, large-scale intellectual screening is ongoing in the search for novel AMPs with unique properties. Recent research has revealed that AMPs may also play a role in maintaining gut microflora and keeping us protected from food-borne pathogens. The ongoing genomic studies suggest that there may be more such bioactive compounds waiting to be explored. This book provides an overview of the fundamental knowledge accumulated so far regarding the diversity and potential applications of AMPs produced by lactic acid bacteria. This updated reference book on AMPs from lactic acid bacteria is timely, covering the most important achievements in the field and providing the scientific community particularly graduate students, researchers, and clinicians with the latest updates. The goal of this book is to illustrate and detail the findings made so far, debate the state of the art, and draw new perspectives.
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice
by Charles H. Nightingale George L. Drusano Takeo MurakawaTaking readers from the research laboratory to the bedside, this Second Edition compiles essential information on the pharmacodynamics of all major classes of the antimicrobial armamentarium including penicillins, cephalosposorins, cephamycins, carbapenems, monobactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, macrolides, antifungals, antivirals, and emerging