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Affirmative Action Policies and Judicial Review Worldwide (Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice #47)
by George GerapetritisThis book discusses affirmative action or positive discrimination, defined as measures awarding privileges to certain groups that have historically suffered discrimination or have been underrepresented in specific social sectors. The book's underlying rationale is that one cannot place at the same starting point people who have been treated differently in the past because in this way one merely perpetuates a state of difference and, in turn, social gaps are exaggerated and social cohesion is endangered. Starting out with an introduction on the meaning and typology of affirmative action policies, the book goes on to emphasise the interaction of affirmative action with traditional values of liberal state, such as equality, meritocracy, democracy, justice, liberalism and socialism. It reveals the affirmative action goals from a legal and sociological point of view, examining the remedial, cultural, societal, pedagogical and economy purposes of such action. After applying an institutional narrative of the implementation of affirmative action worldwide, the book explains the jurisprudence on the issue through syntheses and antitheses of structural and material variables, such as the institutional recognition of the policies, the domains of their implementation and their beneficiaries. The book eventually makes an analytical impact assessment following the implementation of affirmative action plans and the judicial response, especially in relation to the conventional human rights doctrine, by establishing a liaison between affirmative action and social and group rights. . The book applies a multi-disciplinary and comparative methodology in order to assess the ethical standing of affirmative action policies, the public interests involved and their effectiveness towards actual equality. In the light of the above analysis, the monograph explains the arguments considering affirmative action as a theology for substantive equality and the arguments treating this policy as anathema for liberalism. A universal discussion currently at its peak.
Affirmative Action and Black Entrepreneurship
by Thomas D BostonThis volume isolates the cause of continuing disparities not only between blacks and whites, but amongst blacks as well. Key factors discussed include the current state of the economy the influence of public policies, the persistence of urban poverty, economic opportunities, changes in family and social structure and equal opportunities. The city o
Affirmative Action and Black Student Success: The Pursuit of a "Critical Mass" at Historically White Universities
by David J. LukeDavid J. Luke’s Affirmative Action and Black Student Success is a concrete and comprehensive exploration into diversity programs on college campuses and their impact on Black student success and outcomes. Viewed over the span of 12 years, three large, public universities in the United States and Canada provide dynamic settings for this book’s comparative focus on diversity initiatives. The author identifies key regional and national differences between these settings, as well as differences in the way diversity is framed and understood to illustrate how diversity programs and policies are shaped and the extent and ways in which these programs and policies then shape student experiences and outcomes. The values and meanings organizations ascribe to diversity, inclusion, and equity are frequently in transition, and the book’s compelling analysis conveys the importance of race in these contexts—when racism is presumed to be in decline, as is the case in colorblindness and demonstrations of multiculturalist ideals, racial inequalities are concealed and remain unnoticed. The author makes a range of practical recommendations and argues that clear and explicit goals about race and representation are integral in the expansion and preservation of inclusive institutional environments. Unflinching in its critique and pragmatic with its recommendations, this book offers invaluable analysis for university leaders, diversity officers, and student affairs professionals, as much as it provides new insights for scholars and educators of racism, higher education, diversity, and organizational culture.
Affirmative Action and Minority Enrollments in Medical and Law Schools
by Susan Welch John GruhlAffirmative action is one of the central issues of American politics today, and admission to colleges and universities has been at the center of the debate. While this issue has been discussed for years, there is very little real data on the impact of affirmative action programs on admissions to institutions of higher learning. Susan Welch and John Gruhl in this groundbreaking study look at the impact on admissions of policies developed in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's landmark 1978 Bakke decision. In Bakke, the Court legitimized the use of race as one of several factors that could be considered in admissions decisions, while forbidding the use of quotas. Opponents of affirmative action claim that because of the Bakke decision thousands of less-qualified minorities have been granted admission in preference to more qualified white students; proponents claim that without the affirmative action policies articulated in Bakke, minorities would not have made the gains they have made in higher education. Based on a survey of admissions officers for law and medical schools and national enrollment data, the authors give us the first analysis of the real impact of the Bakke decision and affirmative action programs on enrollments in medical and law schools. Admission to medical schools and law schools is much sought after and is highly competitive. In examining admissions patterns to these schools the authors are able to identify the effects of affirmative action programs and the Bakke decision in what may be the most challenging case. This book will appeal to scholars of race and gender in political science, sociology and education as well as those interested in the study of affirmative action policies. Susan Welch is Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Professor of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. John Gruhl is Professor of Political Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Affirmative Action and Racial Equity: Considering the Fisher Case to Forge the Path Ahead
by Uma M. Jayakumar Liliana M. GarcesThe highly anticipated U.S. Supreme Court decision in Fisher v. University of Texas placed a greater onus on higher education institutions to provide evidence supporting the need for affirmative action policies on their respective campuses. It is now more critical than ever that institutional leaders and scholars understand the evidence in support of race consideration in admissions as well as the challenges of the post-Fisher landscape. This important volume shares information documented for the Fisher case and provides empirical evidence to help inform scholarly conversation and institutions’ decisions regarding race-conscious practices in higher education. With contributions from scholars and experts involved in the Fisher case, this edited volume documents and shares lessons learned from the collaborative efforts of the social science, educational, and legal communities. Affirmative Action and Racial Equity is a critical resource for higher education scholars and administrators to understand the nuances of the affirmative action legal debate and to identify the challenges and potential strategies toward racial equity and inclusion moving forward.
Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches
by Erica Howard Elvira Dominguez-Redondo Narciso Leandro Xavier BaezAffirmative Action and the Law analyses the practical application of affirmative action measures and their efficacy in achieving substantive equality through the lenses of the United Nations human rights machinery and the legal regime and policies implemented in China, India, Central and South America, South Africa and the United Kingdom. The product of a joint research project involving academics from the Brazil, Chile, Mexico, India, Spain and the United Kingdom, the findings identify and reflect on trends emerging from State practice across the world in eradicating structural inequality through special measures for certain designated groups. The book seeks to provide a coherent and systematic approach to the analysis of special measures in the targeted countries. It also comprises two case-studies with in-depth insights on gender diversity on the boards of public listed companies in the UK and the European Union and the access of persons with disabilities to higher education in Brazil. The book will be a valuable resource for students and academics in the field of human rights, law, sociology and politics. It will also provide a source of good practice for states and policy makers in the framing of responses to increased inequality at national and international level; and for civil society actors seeking to explore meaningful interaction with a highly controversial topic in society.
Affirmative Action for Economically Weaker Sections and Upper-Castes in Indian Constitutional Law: Context, Judicial Discourse, and Critique
by Asang WankhedeThis book examines the controversial 103rd Constitutional Amendment to the Indian Constitution that introduced an income and asset ownership-based new constitutional standard for determining backwardness marking a significant shift in the government’s social and public policy. It also analyses state level policies towards backwardness recognition of upper-caste dominant groups through case studies of Maharashtra, Haryana, and Gujarat. It provides an analytical and descriptive account of the proliferation of reservation policy in India and critiques these interventions to assess their implication on constitutional jurisprudence. Further, it assesses the theoretical and empirical challenges such developments pose to the principle of substantive equality and scope of affirmative action policies in Indian constitutional law and general discrimination law theory. The monograph shows how opening up of reservations for dominant upper-caste groups and general category will have implications for the constitutional commitment to addressing deeply entrenched marginalisation emanating from the traditional social hierarchy and the understanding of substantive equality in Indian Constitutional law. Further, it highlights key contradictions, incoherence, and internal tension in the design of the reservations for Economically Weaker Sections Critical, comprehensive, and cogently argued, this book will contribute and shape ongoing constitutional policy and judicial debates. It will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of law, Indian politics, affirmative action, social policy, and public policy.
Affirmative Action in Antidiscrimination Law and Policy: An Overview and Synthesis, Second Edition
by William M. Leiter Samuel LeiterRacism, sexism, and ethnic discrimination have long represented a seemingly intractable problem. Affirmative action was conceived as an attack on these ingrained problems, but today it is widely misunderstood. This volume reviews new developments in affirmative action law, policy, and ideological conflict in the areas of employment, education, voting, and housing. The revised edition adds a discussion of age, disability, and sexual-orientation discrimination, providing a truly comprehensive portrait of affirmative action that is informed by history, law, political science, sociology, and economics.
Affirmative Action in Malaysia and South Africa: Preference for Parity (Routledge Research in Public Administration and Public Policy)
by Hwok-Aun LeeMalaysia and South Africa implement the most extensive affirmative action programmes worldwide. This book explores why and how to effect preferential treatment which has been utilized in the pursuit of inter-ethnic parity, specifically in higher education, high-level occupations, enterprise development and wealth ownership. Through methodical and critical analyses of data on education, workforce and population, the book evaluates the primary objectives of increasing majority representation in education, employment, enterprise and ownership. The book also critically considers questions of the attainments and limitations of ethnic preferential treatment in reducing disparity, the challenges of developing capability and reducing dependency and the scope for policy reforms.
Affirmative Action in Medicine: Improving Health Care for Everyone
by James L. CurtisAffirmative action programs have significantly changed American medicine for the better, not only in medical school admissions and access to postgraduate training but also in bringing a higher quality of health care to all people. James L. Curtis approaches this important transition from historical, statistical, and personal perspectives. He tells how over the course of his medical education and career as a psychiatrist and professor--often as the first or only African American in his cohort--the status of minorities in the medical professions grew from a tiny percentage to a far more equitable representation of the American population. Advancing arguments from his earlier book, Blacks, Medical Schools, and Society, Curtis evaluates the outcomes of affirmative action efforts over the past thirty years. He describes formidable barriers to minority access to medical-education opportunities and the resulting problems faced by minority patients in receiving medical treatment. His progress report includes a review of two thousand minority students admitted to U. S. medical schools in 1969, following them through graduation and their careers, comparing them with the careers of two thousand of their nonminority peers. These samples provide an important look at medical schools that, while heralding dramatic progress in physician education and training opportunity, indicates much room for further improvement. A basic hurdle continues to face African Americans and other minorities who are still confined to segregated neighborhoods and inferior school systems that stifle full scholastic development. Curtis urges us as a nation to develop all our human resources through an expansion of affirmative action programs, thus improving health care for everyone. James L. Curtis is Clinical Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Affirmative Action in the United States and India: A Comparative Perspective (Routledge Frontiers Of Political Economy Ser. #Vol. 56)
by Thomas E. WeisskopfArguably, two of the most important national experiences with policies of positive discrimination in favor of historically disadvantaged ethnic or caste minority groups are the cases of 'Affirmative Action' in the United States and 'Reservation Policies' in India. This essential new book examines the consequences of affirmative action in both count
Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict (Routledge Malaysian Studies Series)
by Edmund Terence Gomez Ralph PremdasIn recent years a number of countries have introduced affirmative action programmes in order to put right historical injustices and economic inequalities involving ethnic communities. This book examines affirmative action programmes in a range of countries around the world. It discusses how such programmes came about and how they have been implemented, and examines their effectiveness. Throughout it explores how far affirmative action programmes reinforce ethnic identities and thereby contribute to division and conflict. The countries covered are India, the United States, South Africa, Northern Ireland, Brazil, Malaysia and Fiji.
Affirmative Action, Hate Speech, and Tenure: Narratives About Race and Law in the Academy
by Benjamin BaezUniquely positioned as both a scholar and an attorney, Benjamin Baez provides a thought-provoking exploration on the current debate surrounding race and academic institutions.
Affirmative Action: Racial Preference in Black and White
by Tim J. WiseAffirmative Action examines the larger structure of institutional white privilege in education, and compares the magnitude of white racial preference with the policies typically envisioned when the term "racial preference" is used. In doing so, the book demonstrates that the American system of education is both a reflection of and a contributor to a structure of institutionalized racism and racial preference for the dominant majority.
Affirmative Action: Racial Preference in Black and White (Positions: Education, Politics, and Culture)
by Tim J. WiseAffirmative Action examines the larger structure of institutional white privilege in education, and compares the magnitude of white racial preference with the policies typically envisioned when the term "racial preference" is used. In doing so, the book demonstrates that the American system of education is both a reflection of and a contributor to a structure of institutionalized racism and racial preference for the dominant majority.
Affirmative Acts: Political Essays
by June JordanAffirmative Acts: Political Essays marks the twenty-fifth book in the celebrated career of poet, essayist, activist, and professor June Jordan. The recipient of the Lila Wallace Reader's Digest and the PEN West Freedom to Write Awards, Jordan has created a widely influential and groundbreaking body of work over several decades. With the same clear-sighted passion found in her classic essay collections Civil Wars and Living Room, in Affirmative Acts Jordan writes brilliantly about controversial, critical, and timely issues that are currently at the center of American debate. Whether discussing the tragic dismantling of affirmative action; ruminating on the combustible intersections of race, class, gender, and injustice; reflecting on the palpable hatred that infuses American society; or speaking out against worldwide suffering, June Jordan paints, as in her previous works, what she calls "an intimate face of universal struggle."
Affirmative Advocacy: Race, Class, and Gender in Interest Group Politics
by Dara Z. StrolovitchThe United States boasts scores of organizations that offer crucial representation for groups that are marginalized in national politics, from women to racial minorities to the poor. Here, in the first systematic study of these organizations, Dara Z. Strolovitch explores the challenges and opportunities they face in the new millennium, as waning legal discrimination coincides with increasing political and economic inequalities within the populations they represent. Drawing on rich new data from a survey of 286 organizations and interviews with forty officials, Strolovitch finds that groups too often prioritize the interests of their most advantaged members: male rather than female racial minorities, for example, or affluent rather than poor women. But Strolovitch also finds that many organizations try to remedy this inequity, and she concludes by distilling their best practices into a set of principles that she calls affirmative advocacy—a form of representation that aims to overcome the entrenched but often subtle biases against people at the intersection of more than one marginalized group. Intelligently combining political theory with sophisticated empirical methods, Affirmative Advocacy will be required reading for students and scholars of American politics.
Affirmative Aesthetics and Wilful Women: Gender, Space and Mobility in Contemporary Cinema
by Maud CeuterickFifty years of feminist thought have made the idea that women stay at home while men dominate the streets seem outdated; nevertheless, Ceuterick argues that theoretical considerations of gender, space, and power in film theory remain limited by binary models. Looking instead to more fluid models of spatial relations inspired by Sara Ahmed, Rosi Braidotti, and Doreen Massey, this book discovers wilful, affirmative, and imaginative activations of gender on screen. Through close, micro-analysis of historic European Messidor (Alain Tanner, 1979) and contemporary world cinema: Vendredi Soir (Claire Denis, 2002), Wadjda (Haifaa Al-Mansour, 2012), and Head-On (Fatih Akin, 2004), this book identifies affirmative aesthetics: light, texture, rhythm, movement and sound, all of which that participate in a rewriting of bodies and spaces. Ultimately, Ceuterick argues, affirmative aesthetics can challenge the gender categories and power structures that have been thought to determine our habitation of cars, homes, and city streets. Wilful women drive this book forward, through their movement and stillness, imagination and desire, performance and abjection.
Affirmative Counseling With LGBTQI + People
by Cheri Smith Misty M. Ginicola Joel M. FilmorePossessing counseling competence in serving the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, ques-tioning, intersex, asexual, ally, pansexual/polysexual, and two-spirited (LGBTQQLAAP-2S, henceforth referred to as LGBTQI+) communities is important, particularly because previous research has shown that large numbers of this population seek therapy. If counselors are unprepared for work with this population, they could potentially do harm to these clients. Many counselors have not received adequate training to work with affectional orientation and gender minority clients; LGBTQI+ clients are aware of this deficit in the field and prescreen therapists for safety and competence in issues of affectional orientation and gender orientation. Although many standard counseling interventions will be appropriate for work with the LGBTQI+ population, counselors need an awareness and knowledge of this population and its cultures and subcultures that extend beyond typical client concerns.
Affirmative Counseling and Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients
by Anneliese A. Singh Lore M. DickeyFewer than 30% of psychologists report familiarity with transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) clients' needs, which indicates a large gap in knowledge, skill, and competence in this area of practice. This volume provides mental health practitioners with theory-driven strategies for affirmative practice with TGNC clients of different ages, ethnicities, sexual orientations, and religious backgrounds.
Affirmative Counseling for Transgender and Gender Diverse Clients
by Lore M. Dickey Jae A. PuckettExpert guidance on a collaborative approach to mental health care in a group with some unique needs A how-to guide to affirmative counseling with transgender clients Presents the best evidence-based care Instructions for strategies to improve inclusivity Illustrated with case studies Printable tools for clinical use This volume provides fundamental and evidence-based information on working with transgender and gender diverse people in mental health services. The authors, who are experts in the field, outline the key qualities of affirming mental health services, as well as explore strategies for improving inclusivity and what evidence-based care with trans clients looks like. They also provide insight into current topics, such as working with youth, the harmful and ill-advised approach known as rapid onset gender dysphoria, and whether and how autism is a co-occurring diagnostic concern. Practitioners will find the printable resources provided invaluable for their clinical practice, including sample letters of support for trans clients who are seeking gender affirming medical care.
Affirmative Counseling with LGBTQI+ People
by Cheri Smith Misty M. Ginicola Joel M. FilmoreThis current and comprehensive handbook will guide educators, students, and clinicians in developing the awareness, knowledge, and skills necessary to work effectively with LGBTQI+ populations. Twenty-five chapters written by experts in the field provide direction for working with clients in an authentic, ethical, and affirmative manner that is tailored to their individual strengths, needs, and identity. The book is divided into four sections, which explore the science behind gender and affectional orientation; developmental issues across the life span and treatment issues; the specialized needs of nine distinct populations; and the intersectionality of ethnicity and overlapping identities, the role of religion, and counselor advocacy. To further a deeper understanding of the content, each chapter contains an "Awareness of Attitudes and Beliefs Self-Check," a case narrative relating to the material covered, questions for discussion, and a list of online resources. The book concludes with an extensive glossary of terms, both preferred and problematic, which counselors working with these communities should understand and use appropriately. *Requests for digital versions from the ACA can be found on wiley.com. *To request print copies, please visit the ACA website here. *Reproduction requests for material from books published by ACA should be directed to permissions@counseling.org
Affirmative Intervention to Support Multispecies Relationships (Contemporary Systems Thinking)
by Janet J. McIntyre-MillsThis book offers a pioneering approach to collaborative co-authorship, integrating storytelling, participatory action research, and innovative uses of technology like Zoom to bridge geographical and cultural divides. The authors emphasize authentic dialogue, using a form of metalogue to ensure all voices are heard and respected, thus avoiding ventriloquy—speaking for or over others. Their praxis revolves around performative and regenerative projects involving indigenous custodians, academics, students, and community members, aiming to address "Species Apartheid" and promote a more inclusive and sustainable future. The book's engagement model includes inner work, focusing on critical analysis and analytical meditation on values and their consequences; outer work, involving transformative education and organic food production workshops to engage a broad community of practice; and future work, exploring narrative and "if-then" scenarios to envision new possibilities, with an emphasis on creativity and courage. The authors draw inspiration from diverse sources, including Indigenous knowledge systems and various academic institutes and organizations. Through their collaborative efforts, they aim to create a more inclusive, sustainable, and just world.
Affirmative Mental Health Care for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: A Clinical Guide
by Aron Janssen Scott LeibowitzSimulates a range of complexity in the clinical cases to mirror real life examples.<P><P> Discusses the potential associations between gender identity and gender expression and co-occurring psychiatric conditions and how to tease them apart.<P> Written by experts in the field.<P>This unique resource offers an in-depth, comprehensive look at different types of mental health needs of transgender and gender diverse youth, how these intersect with gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation, and provides practical information on how to ethically, responsibly, and sensitively care for these patients.<P> Affirmative Mental Health Care for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: A Clinical Guide begins with three introductory chapters which contain practical information regarding assessment, psychological interventions, and the potential medical and surgical interventions that are indicated for youth with gender identity concerns. The remaining chapters are illustrated by multiple cases build around overarching chapter themes. Each case chapter opens with broad questions applicable to clinical practices, while the cases themselves focus on a particular co-occuring mental health condition. The case chapters are structured with intersectionality in mind, including elements of ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity, and the patients range over the full developmental spectrum, from pre-pubertal children to older adolescents. Chapter cases range in complexity as well, to provide readers with the tools they need to evaluate patients, and to assist in the decision of which presenting factors to prioritize in treatment at which time. Ending each chapter are clinical take-home messages, closing with additional practical knowledge that can be applied to other cases providers may see in their own practices.<P> Written by expert clinicians in the field, Affirmative Mental Health Care for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: A Clinical Guide is an ideal resource not only for child and adolescent psychiatrists, but for clinicians across all mental health disciplines working with gender non-conforming youth, and who are interested in providing informed, affirmative, and intersectional care.
Affirmative Psychotherapy with Bisexual Women and Bisexual Men
by Ronald C. FoxLearn the latest practical-and bisexually affirmative-approaches to helping bisexual clientsClinical work with bisexual clients has conceptually shifted beyond the exclusive emphasis on either straight or lesbian and gay issues. There are still, however, too few psychotherapists who provide affirmative psychotherapy specific to bisexual concerns. Affirmative Psychotherapy with Bisexual Women and Bisexual Men addresses the issues of bisexuals with an accepting and affirmative perspective, providing therapists with the latest viewpoints, strategies, and research to effectively treat bisexual clients. Leading authorities with affirmative-to-bisexuals perspectives discuss problems specific to bisexuals and their lifestyles, with an eye toward providing practical, effective therapy. Unique bisexual lifestyle concerns are examined, such as transgender issues, polyamory, older bisexual women and men, and cultural differences, while providing an emphasis on cultivating well-being and a sense of community in bisexual clients.Affirmative Psychotherapy with Bisexual Women and Bisexual Men sensitively avoids the double standard long held by therapists clinically treating heterosexual or lesbian and gay individuals, showing that an affirmative viewpoint is valid and crucial for the effective treatment of bisexuals. This source clearly explains practical strategies and discusses the latest research on bisexual issues such as age, culture, heterosexual and bisexual mixed couples, and the polyamorous lifestyle with appropriate acceptance and understanding. The book also explores useful ways to develop successful health and support services specific to bisexual needs.Topics in Affirmative Psychotherapy with Bisexual Women and Bisexual Men include: affirmative psychotherapy techniques specific to bisexual women and bisexual men need for validation of bisexuality ways for clients to come to terms with their bisexuality practical value-and shortcomings-of the main therapeutic schools in providing effective psychotherapy transgender bisexuality, with illustrative case studies needs and issues of African-American bisexual clients bisexual aging issues counseling heterosexual spouses of bisexual women and men therapy approaches for clients who are bisexual and polyamorous recognizing and addressing the specific needs of different sub-groups of bisexual people and more! Affirmative Psychotherapy with Bisexual Women and Bisexual Men is a crucial addition to the literature of bisexual psychotherapy and is invaluable to counselors, psychotherapists, marriage and family therapists, social workers, psychiatrists, sex therapists, researchers, and educators in the fields of psychology, sociology, anthropology, sexuality, sex education, adolescent and adult development, and community mental health.