- Table View
- List View
Radical Suburbs: Experimental Living on the Fringes of the American City
by Amanda Kolson HurleyAmerica’s suburbs are not the homogenous places we sometimes take them for. Today’s suburbs are racially, ethnically, and economically diverse, with as many Democratic as Republican voters, a growing population of renters, and rising poverty. The cliche of white picket fences is well past its expiration date. The history of suburbia is equally surprising: American suburbs were once fertile ground for utopian planning, communal living, socially-conscious design, and integrated housing. We have forgotten that we built suburbs like these, such as the co-housing commune of Old Economy, Pennsylvania; a tiny-house anarchist community in Piscataway, New Jersey; a government-planned garden city in Greenbelt, Maryland; a racially integrated subdivision (before the Fair Housing Act) in Trevose, Pennsylvania; experimental Modernist enclaves in Lexington, Massachusetts; and the mixed-use, architecturally daring Reston, Virginia. Inside Radical Suburbs you will find blueprints for affordable, walkable, and integrated communities, filled with a range of environmentally sound residential options. Radical Suburbs is a history that will help us remake the future and rethink our assumptions of suburbia.
The Education of Lieutenant Kerrey
by Gregory L. VisticaThe Education of Lieutenant Kerrey is an incredible story and a modern morality tale about a man of compassion and promise trapped by a horrible secret.On the night of February 25, 1969, an inexperienced, 25-year-old lieutenant, Bob Kerrey, led a commando raid on an isolated hamlet called Thanh Phong in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. While witnesses and official records give varying accounts, one thing is certain: around midnight, Kerrey and his men killed nearly two dozen unarmed women and children. What happened that night and why? It's a terrible secret that Kerrey has borne for more than thirty years. Kerrey went on to do heroic things in Vietnam and later as a politician. Since World War II, he is only Medal of Honor winner to sit as a member of Congress. In many ways, Kerrey's life following that tragic mission has been a struggle for redemption.So is Bob Kerrey a war hero or war criminal? Gregory L. Vistica, who uncovered the Thanh Phong atrocities in a widely-praised cover story for The New York Times Magazine, searches the entire span of Kerrey's life to answer that question.. From his rural boyhood in Nebraska, to his gut wrenching Navy SEAL training, to his aborted run for President, Kerrey's life will become a vehicle for understanding the Vietnam generation shaped in the 50s and sharpened by the tumultuous 60s.
Operation Dark Heart: Spycraft and Special Ops on the Frontlines of Afghanistan—and the Path to Victory
by Anthony ShafferOperation Dark Heart tells the story of what really went on—and what went wrong—in Afghanistan. Lt. Col. Anthony Shaffer led a black-ops team on the forefront of the military efforts to block the Taliban's resurgence.For a moment he saw us winning the war. Then the military brass got involved. He witnessed firsthand the tipping point, when what seemed like certain victory turned into failure.This wasn't the first time he had seen bureaucracy stand in the way of national security. He had participated in Able Danger, the aborted intelligence operation that identified many of the future 9/11 terrorists but failed to pursue them. His attempt to reveal the truth to the 9/11 Commission would not go over well with the higher-ups.Operation Dark Heart made headlines when the Department of Defense bought the entire unredacted first printing. The book's revised second printing includes redactions, which, according to The New York Times, "offer a rare glimpse behind the bureaucratic veil that clocks information the government considers too important for public airing." But most importantly, Operation Dark Heart remains a stirring indictment against military bureaucracy and a culture of cover-ups.
A Life of Lies and Spies: Tales of a CIA Covert Ops Polygraph Interrogator
by Alan B. TrabueAlan Trabue chose a bizarre, dangerous way to make a living. In A Life of Lies and Spies, Trabue exposes the often perilous world of polygraphing foreign spies in support of CIA espionage programs. He recounts his incredible, true-life globe-trotting adventures, from his induction in the CIA in 1971 to directing the CIA's world-wide covert ops polygraph program.A Life of Lies and Spies brings readers into the high-stakes world of covert operations and the quest to uncover deceit, featuring a high-speed car chase, blown clandestine meetings, surreptitious room searches, tear-gassing by riot police, and confrontations with machine gun-armed soldiers. Liberally sprinkled with side anecdotes—such as debriefing an agent though a torturous swarm of mosquitoes in a jungle shack—Trabue's story highlights both the humor and the intrinsic danger of conducting CIA covert activities.Writing from a unique perspective framed by his uncommon longevity and broad experience, for which he was awarded the Career Intelligence Medal, Trabue's memoir unveils the CIA's use of polygraph and interrogation to validate recruited spies' bona fides and information obtained through their acts of espionage.The Central Intelligence Agency has not approved, endorsed or authorized this book or the use of the CIA seal, name or initials.
Sustainable Interior Design
by Chloe BullockWhat does it mean to be a sustainable interior designer? Where do you start? This book demystifies how to be a sustainable interior designer, both within practice and on design projects. It gives you the tools to educate clients that sustainable practice isn’t necessarily more expensive, and what the options available to them are in terms of design concept, materials and finishes. Importantly, the book also looks at sustainable supply chains, particularly important when specifying FF+E. Where to start being sustainable can be a difficult decision. Acting as a primer for interior designers at any stage of their career, it outlines what you really need – and don’t need – to know. Inspirational case studies from around the world sit alongside crucial guidance on the benefits of being sustainable and how to work with enlightened clients. There is information on how sustainable design contributes to health and wellbeing, all backed up by authoritative best practice guidance.
Return on Investment in Training and Performance Improvement Programs
by Patricia Pulliam Phillips Jack J. Phillips Klaas ToesThe third edition of this bestselling book guides you through a proven, results-based approach to calculating the return on investment in training and performance improvement programs. The ROI Methodology described in the book has evolved into the most used evaluation system in the world.Patricia Pulliam Phillips, Jack J. Phillips, and Klaas Toes present the ROI Methodology, a user-friendly approach to showing and proving the value of programs, projects, and initiatives. Based on over 40 years of development and refinement, it is a process that meets the demands currently facing training and performance improvement functions. This third edition includes chapters thoroughly detailing the application of the ROI Methodology and new and innovative developments. The book provides examples, case studies and worksheets, and solutions to implementation issues. A case study spans the book and takes the reader through each part of the ROI Methodology. Readers can work through the case, step-by-step, exploring the issues uncovered in the chapter and learn how to apply the process in their own organizations. This book continues to be a primary reference for learning how to utilize ROI to show the contribution of training, education, learning systems, performance improvement, human resources, and change initiatives throughout organizations.Proven to work as a guide for practitioners, managers, and leaders, the book is also ideal for students of learning and development and performance improvement at graduate and postgraduate levels and individuals involved in executive and professional development programs. A complimentary 500-page book with 25 detailed case studies is available to book purchasers. See the offer on page 384 at the back of the book.
Total Lawfare: New Defense and Lessons from China’s Unrestricted Lawfare Program
by Patrick S. Nash Deniz GuzelThis book advocates for a novel doctrine of ‘total lawfare’ as part of a comprehensive approach to modern hybrid warfare.The book begins by introducing the military concept of ‘limited lawfare’ in the context of modern geopolitical conditions. It proceeds to set out a conceptual history of lawfare in the West, highlighting conceptual shortcomings and NATO’s limited capabilities in this branch of hybrid warfare. It then provides a comparative case study and strategic threat assessment of the Chinese concept of ‘unrestricted lawfare’. Against this, the book grounds an ethical doctrine of ‘total lawfare’ within the Western jurisprudential tradition and translates this into practice as a key pillar of modern defense strategy under the rule of law. The book concludes by advocating for a Thielian ‘New Defense’ industry centered upon ‘total lawfare’ as a legitimate and effective Western response to enemy aggression.The book will be of interest to academics, policy-makers, and students working in the fields of lawfare, jurisprudence, and military law.
Critically Assessing the Reputation of Waldorf Education in Academia and the Public: Recent Developments the World Over, 1987–2004 (Routledge Research in International and Comparative Education)
by Ann-Kathrin Hoffmann Marc Fabian BuckThe second of two volumes dedicated to this little-explored topic continues to gather international perspectives to critically assess how Waldorf education has been perceived and discussed in both public and academic arenas. Both books thereby challenge the historic concept of Waldorf education as an international movement championing “progressive education.”Spanning the period 1987–2004, this second volume focuses on more recent developments in Waldorf education in Japan, Israel, Spain, Poland, Kenya, France, Slovenia, and China. Throughout both books, over 25 leading scholars present 16 case studies spanning 14 countries to discuss the history and perception of Waldorf education in the context of respective school systems and societies. By exploring the ramifi cations of these case studies against the background of existing research, the books offer cutting-edge perspectives and prompts for scholarly debates for this as yet underresearched field.This book will be of interest to researchers, scholars, and postgraduate students in international and comparative education, the theory of education, and the philosophy of education. Policy makers interested in the history of education as well as practicing teachers and school staff at Waldorf education institutions may also benefi t from the volume.
Leadership and Strategic Management: Decision-Making in Times of Change (ISSN)
by Paolo Boccardelli Federica BrunettaManagers are facing unprecedented complexity, volatility, and ambiguity, quickly adapting their decision-making, leadership, vision, and strategies. Megatrends and forces of change have profound implications for business models, processes, and organizational structures, calling into question current paradigms and designing future change. Additionally, unprecedented disruptions, unforecastable in their nature, have increased the need for resilience and strategic flexibility.The book aims at tackling the potential interrelations among environmental transformations, strategic decisions, and leadership to better understand the role of external and internal factors on the effectiveness of managers. The book defines “change”: its extent, nature, and characteristics. Then, it focuses on decision-making, the role of potential cognitive biases, and how the interaction with the perception of determined environmental events affects the way in which decision-makers decide to implement specific strategies. Finally, in the light of waves of strategic change, it reviews theories on leadership and transformation by looking at the role and traits of leaders.Since environmental transformations have the potential to “disrupt” not only strategies but also decision-making processes and leadership, the book provides a review on the issue and propose an integrative framework which can be useful for both scholars and managers, especially in the fields of decision-making and strategy.
Indigenous Materials in Libraries and the Curriculum: Latin American and Latinx Sources
by Javier Muñoz-Díaz Kathia Ibacache Leila GómezIndigenous Materials in Libraries and the Curriculum: Latin American and Latinx Sources argues for a decolonial engagement with Indigenous peoples’ creative work to build awareness of divergent epistemologies and foster healing in the learning community.This book explores how faculty and librarians can collaborate to develop inclusive library collections and curricula by supporting Indigenous peoples’ reclamation of lands and languages. The authors present practices to build and disseminate collections that showcase the work of Indigenous creators from Latin America and compensate for historical erasure and misrepresentation. Consideration is also given to developing a non-hegemonic curriculum in Indigenous languages and cultures for faculty and students from multicultural backgrounds, particularly Latinx students of Indigenous descent. Above all, the book aspires to facilitate the participation of Indigenous peoples in the scholarly conversation to counteract epistemic and material extractivism and transform the scaffolding of higher education in the current global climate crisis.Indigenous Materials in Libraries and the Curriculum is inspired by a transhemispheric vision to elicit conversation between Indigenous peoples from Latin America (Abiayala) and North America (Turtle Island). The book will appeal to academics, librarians, students, and activists interested in Indigenous languages and cultures, decolonization, DEI initiatives, and library collection development policies that prioritize non-hegemonic narratives.
Artificial Intelligence and Project Management: An Integrated Approach to Knowledge-Based Evaluation (ISSN)
by Tadeusz A. GrzeszczykAlthough some people had doubts about the usefulness of such solutions in the past, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a growing role in modern business. It can be expected that the interest in it will also lead to an increase in support for the planning, evaluation, and implementation of projects. In particular, the proper functioning of multifaceted evaluation methods has a crucial impact on the appropriate planning and execution of various projects, as well as the effective achievement of the organization’s goals. This book offers a presentation of the complex problems and challenges related to the development of AI in project management, proposes an integrated approach to knowledge-based evaluation, and indicates the possibilities of improving professional practical knowledge in this field.The unique contribution of this book is to draw attention to the possibilities resulting from conducting transdisciplinary research and drawing on the rich achievements in the field of research development on knowledge-based systems that can be used to holistically support the processes of planning, evaluation, and project management. The concept of the integrated approach to knowledge-based evaluation is presented and developed as a result of drawing inspiration mainly from the systems approach, generative AI, and selected mathematical models.Presented in a highly accessible manner, the book discusses mathematical tools in a simple way, which enables understanding of the content by readers across broad subject areas who may be not only participants in specialist training and university students but also practitioners, consultants, or evaluators. This book will be a valuable resource for academics and upper-level students, in particular, across project management-related fields, and of great interest to all those looking to understand the challenges and effectiveness of AI in business.
Design Education in the Anthropocene (Design Research for Change)
by Paul A. RodgersThis volume examines emerging practice and research in design education rooted in the context of significant global issues.A diverse set of international contributors present novel design education research that seeks to make significant social, economic, cultural and environmental change. Topics covered include fashion, sustainability, creativity, social justice, museum education, climate change, environmentalism, and empathy. The chapters draw a link between current research practice and theory and future challenges for the field.The book will be of interest to scholars working in communication design, graphic design, design research, and information design.
eHealth Research Theory and Development: A Multidisciplinary Approach
by Hanneke Kip Beerlage-de Jong, Nienke Lisette Van Gemert-Pijnen Robbert Sanderman Saskia M. KeldersThis is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the multidisciplinary domain of eHealth – one of the most important recent developments in healthcare. It provides an overview of the possibilities of eHealth for different healthcare sectors, an outline of theoretical underpinnings and effectiveness, and key models, frameworks and methods for its development, implementation, and evaluation. This fully revised second edition brings together up-to-date knowledge on eHealth and includes several new chapters and sections on important topics such as implementation, human-centred design, healthcare systems, and evaluation methods.The first part of this book is focused on the underpinnings of eHealth, and consists of chapters on behaviour change, the possibilities of technology for healthcare systems, and the current state of affairs of eHealth for mental and public health. In the second part, chapters on development, implementation, and evaluation of eHealth are provided, presenting methods, theories and frameworks from disciplines such as human-centred design, engineering, psychology, business modelling, and implementation science. By drawing together expertise from different disciplines, the book offers a holistic approach to the use of technology to support health and wellbeing, giving readers an insight into how eHealth can offer multiple solutions for the major challenges with which our healthcare system is faced.Case studies, learning objectives, end of chapter summaries, and a list of key terms, make this accessible book very suitable for students, as well as researchers and healthcare professionals. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, it can be used by readers from a broad range of fields, such as psychology, health sciences, and human-centred design.
Children’s Digital Picture Books: Readers and Publishers
by Katherine DayDuring the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, children’s media use increased (Mesce et al. 2021) while a decrease in print-book reading was observed (Nolan et al. 2022). An increase in tablet use suggests that when children were reading, it was mostly online in the form of ePub3 pdf files for illustrated works and prescribed school texts, while smartphone use was linked to apps and games. (Susilowati et al. 2021) For many years now, children’s publishers have experimented with digital picture-book formats but have regarded the genre as not suitable for digitisation.This book documents the findings of a one-year research project engaging the children’s publishing sector for feedback on reading trends and digital publishing in picture-book genres. The research assesses the plight of picture books in the current climate and considers how picture-book publishers cater to diverse readerships and new reading platforms post Covid-19 lockdowns and into the digital age.Written by an academic and editor with over 15 years industry experience, this book offers a nuanced response to children’s picture book publishing and reception for librarians, teachers, publishers and international scholars in the fields of publishing studies, library studies, early childhood studies, early education and childhood psychology.
Political Economy, Race, and the Image of Nature in the United States, 1825–1878 (Routledge Research in Art and Politics)
by Evan Robert NeelyPolitical Economy, Race, and the Image of Nature in the United States, 1825–1878 is an interdisciplinary work analyzing the historical origins of a dominant concept of Nature in the culture of the United States during the period of its expansion across the continent.Chapters analyze the ways in which “Nature” became a discursive site where theories of race and belonging, adaptation and environment, and the uses of literary and pictorial representation were being renegotiated, forming the basis for an ideal of the human and the nonhuman world that is still with us. Through an interdisciplinary approach involving the fields of visual culture, political economy, histories of racial identity, and ecocritical studies, the book examines the work of seminal figures in a variety of literary and artistic disciplines and puts the visual culture of the United States at the center of intellectual trends that have enormous implications for contemporary cultural practice.The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, visual culture, American studies, environmental studies/ecocriticism, critical race theory, and semiotics.
On Immigration and Refugees (Routledge Classics)
by Michael DummettThe philosopher Michael Dummett was one of the sharpest and most prominent commentators and campaigners for the fair treatment of immigrants and refugees in Britain and Europe. On Immigration and Refugees was the only book he wrote on the topic and among one of the most eloquent and important reflections on the subject to have been published in many years. Exploring the confused and often highly unjust and racist thinking about immigration, Dummett questions the principles and justifications governing state policies, pointing out that they often conflict with the rights of refugees as laid down by the Geneva Convention. With compelling and often moving examples, he points a new way forward for humane thinking and practice about a problem we cannot afford to ignore.This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Sarah Fine.
Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (Routledge Classics)
by Rodney HiltonThe Peasants' Revolt of 1381, led by Wat Tyler, was the first popular uprising in British history. Centred around the counties of South East England and rebelling against legislation to fix minimum wages, it was driven by agricultural labourers and the urban working classes but quickly gathered momentum to encompass artisans, villeins and the destitute. Although it lasted only a month before defeat, it was a major turning point in early British history and was heralded by many historians as the emergence of British working-class consciousness and political activism.Rodney Hilton's superb account of these events remains a classic, widely read and admired since its first publication. Locating the revolt in the context of European class conflict, he argues that the peasant movements that disturbed the Middle Ages were not mere unrelated outbreaks of violence, but had their roots in common economic and political conditions and in a recurring conflict of interest between peasants and landowners – one that has endured through the ages.This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Foreword by Phillipp R. Schofield.
Complaints, Litigation and Clinical Errors: A Practical Guide for Health Care Students and Professionals
by Amar Alwitry Janine CollierThis concise book provides readers with practical guidance to help them to both avoid errors and develop robust processes to protect themselves and their patients, as well as dealing appropriately with complaints and litigation, when things do go wrong. Free of complex legal terminology, the book outlines key concepts in medical law and how these may be applied to clinical situations in both hospital and community settings.Key Features· Accessible text addressing these specific areas of concern for all health care students and practitioners – error and harm, complaints, negligence claims and litigation· Supported throughout with case examples, accompanied by commentaries from experienced clinical specialists· Both medical and legal perspectives are reflected in the experienced editor teamIncorporating case law with practical studies, legal information is supplemented by clinical commentaries from a range of specialists representing the perspective of the health care practitioner. The book is essential reading for medical and health students, practising clinicians and allied health care professionals at all levels.
The Law Officer's Pocket Manual: 2024 Edition
by John G. Miles Jr. David B. Richardson Anthony E. ScudellariThe Law Officer’s Pocket Manual is a handy, pocket-sized, spiral-bound manual that highlights basic legal rules for quick reference and offers examples showing how those rules are applied. The manual provides concise guidance based on U.S. Supreme Court rulings on constitutional law issues and other legal developments, covering arrest, search, surveillance, and other routine as well as sensitive areas of law enforcement. It includes more than 100 examples drawn from leading cases to provide guidance on how to act in a wide variety of situations. The 2023 edition is completely updated to reflect recent court decisions. This book helps you keep track of everything in a readable and easy-to-carry format. Routledge offers tiered discounts on bulk orders of 5 or more copies: For more information, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/collections/16268
The Other Powers: Studies in the Foreign Policies of Small States (Routledge Revivals)
by Ronald P. BarstonOriginally published in 1972, this book examines the scope and possibilities for small states in the conduct of their foreign policies. In the introduction the editor discusses the problem of defining the term ‘small state’ and outlines the restraints they face and the type of international roles they play. The subsequent chapters analyse the foreign policies of Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Zambia, Israel, Cyprus, Cuba, Singapore and New Zealand. In each study the author examines the factors which shape that country’s foreign policy objectives, the organizational structures employed to formulate and implement foreign policy, the type and level of international involvement and the methods used to deal with the political, economic and security issues which make up and stem from the external policies. The book will be of interest to specialists and students of government, foreign policy analysis and other branches of international relations
Open Banking: Global Development and Regulation (Routledge International Studies in Money and Banking)
by Francesco De Pascalis Alan BrenerOpen banking ends the proprietary control of customer information by banks and allows customers to share their banking financial data with third parties as a matter of right. It can also permit customers to allow others to remove funds directly from their bank accounts in return for goods and services. All of this is done securely with standardised ‘application programming interfaces’ (APIs). Open banking has developed in different ways and with different objectives across the globe. Open Banking: Global Development and Regulation examines the empowering and enabling regulations that facilitate all of this.This book compares a number of different open banking national strategies. These range from the focus of the UK and EU on enhanced competition to the more collaborative approaches in many East Asian jurisdictions. It also looks at the use of open banking for socio-economic purpose in Brazil and India. Here open banking forms part of a wider government programme to increase financial inclusion coupled with encouraging economic growth.This text will be valuable for fintech companies, policymakers and financial services regulators Its overarching aim is to demonstrate the possibilities and challenges of open banking and how it is changing lives across the world.
The Sociology of the Palestinians (Routledge Revivals)
by Khalil Nakhleh Elia ZureikFirst published in 1980, The Sociology of the Palestinians is a comprehensive collection of sociological and demographic studies of the Palestinian people. One paper deals with the Palestinian Arabs in pre-1967 Israel and the various methods of social control adopted by the Zionist regime to co-opt and control the Arab population. A second paper focuses on the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. An analysis of current Palestinian demography with projections for the future is made, and the minority position of the Palestinians in the Arab World is critically assessed. An examination of the role of Palestinian intellectuals is followed by a theoretical discussion on the development of Palestinian class structure. Finally, the role of Palestinian women is examined in the context of traditional social structure and the specific political and economic situation which confront Palestinian society. This book will be of interest to students of history, sociology, and political science.
The Logic of Poverty: The Case of the Brazilian Northeast (Routledge Revivals)
by Simon MitchellFirst published in 1981, The Logic of Poverty consists of eight essays that share at least one assumption: that Northeast Brazil provides a startling example of inhumane economic development. The contributors have all worked in the area, and know it at first hand. They look at rural structure and the role of the unemployed ‘reserve army’, the state of the sugar industry, the ineffectiveness of the irrigation schemes, the stagnation in the fishing sector, the lack of credit available to peasants and the role of SUDENE, the first development agency in the region. Together they paint a picture of poverty and of the factors that allow it to continue, and they place that poverty in the context of the wider economy of Brazil, relating it to the extraordinary transformation that has been called ‘the Brazilian miracle’. This book will be of interest to students of geography, anthropology, economics and sociology.
Philosophers' Poets (Routledge Revivals)
by David WoodFirst published in 1990, Philosophers’ Poets is a collection of case studies of philosophers’ readings of poets and other distinctive writers. There are those, for example, who find in literary examples ways of exploring the concrete significance of philosophical assertions or distinctions. Others find in poetic discourse linguistic resources simply not available to philosophy, yet of vital importance to it. This is particularly true of philosophers of the limit, such as Heidegger, Derrida, Levinas and Adorno, for whom the very possibility of philosophy was in question. Despite the diversity of subjects covered, the collection maintains an integrity and identity. Above all, it shows how contemporary Continental philosophy raises the issue of philosophy and literature anew in a way that is appealing and challenging.
Pensions: The Problems of Today and Tomorrow (Routledge Revivals)
by Bernard Benjamin Steven Haberman George Helowicz Geraldine Kaye David WilkieDrawing on the authors’ extensive experience as actuaries, this work, originally published in 1987, provides a thorough examination of the problems which had arisen, and those that seemed likely to arise, with regard to both public and private pension funds at the time. It ranges in scope from the realities of individual plans and schemes devised by employers and employees to the management of pension funds and investment portfolios. The concept of socially responsible investment is discussed.Reliable statistical information on the health, age and occupation of the population is an important tool in planning pension schemes for both the public and private sectors, and this book includes a careful analysis of the available data, leading to many useful projections for the thirty to forty years which followed. Although the statistical information is derived from UK sources, the problems it relates to, and its analysis was applicable to pension planning in all developed countriesThe breadth of the authors’ approach, fully embracing the apprehension at the time about the demands of an increasingly ageing population and a partially unemployed workforce, would give this book added interest to a wide range of academics and professionals in financial institutions, government and the social services. Today it can be read in its historical context.