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Toward Freedom and Dignity: The Humanities and the Idea of Humanity
by O. B. Hardison Jr.Originally published in 1973. Toward Freedom and Dignity is a humanist's view of the humanities in an age of burgeoning technology. O. B. Hardison Jr. deals with the status of the humanities and their future—how they are regarded and how they may come to contribute to a genuinely humane society. He argues that humanistic studies are not a luxury in either education or society. They are central to the preparation of human beings for the kind of society that is possible if we manage to avoid an Orwellian technocracy. Social goals and priorities must be set in terms of the ideal of a culture truly adjusted to human needs and human limitations. In framing his argument, Hardison draws on ideas of the humanities since the Renaissance, especially on the philosophical humanities that emerged in Europe in the works of authors like Kant, Schiller, and Coleridge. He is untroubled by anti-humanistic trends in college curricula and the surrounding culture, and he contends that we have only one practical option: to ensure that culture evolves toward a more humane society, toward freedom and dignity.
Toward Freedom Land: The Long Struggle for Racial Equality in America
by Harvard SitkoffThis book of essays by a noted historian of race relations is “a worthy contribution to the literature on the long struggle for racial justice” (Journal of African American History).The ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice lies at the heart of America’s evolving identity. The pursuit of equal rights is often met with social and political trepidation, forcing citizens and leaders to grapple with controversial issues of race, class, and gender. Renowned scholar Harvard Sitkoff has devoted his life to the study of the civil rights movement, becoming a key figure in global human rights discussions and an authority on American liberalism.Toward Freedom Land assembles Sitkoff ‘s writings on twentieth-century race relations, representing some of the finest race-related historical research on record. Spanning thirty-five years of Sitkoff ‘s distingushed career, the collection features an in-depth examination of the Great Depression and its effects on African Americans, the intriguing story of the labor movement and its relationship to African American workers, and a discussion of the effects of World War II on the civil rights movement. His precise analysis illuminates multifaceted racial issues including the New Deal’s impact on race relations, the Detroit Riot of 1943, and connections between African Americans, Jews, and the Holocaust.“Over the past five decades, Harvard Sitkoff has established himself as one of the foremost voices on the black freedom struggle in the United States.” —Florida Historical Quarterly“Provides useful insight into an influential historian’s thinking on an important subject.” —Journal of Southern History“Each essay is a delight to read, with the lucid prose, careful research, and insightful analysis that make Sitkoff the excellent historian he is.” —The Historian
Toward Eternity: A Novel
by Anton Hur"A love story spanning multiple millenniums, life-forms and variations on immortality, the book posits Victorian poetry as a weapon of empire, insists on nature's resilience in the face of genocide, and manipulates prose into something like a new language....Toward Eternity recognizes both the building and burning of bridges." -New York Times*A PARADE, LITHUB, and CHICAGO REVIEW OF BOOKS Best New Book. *An AUDIOFILE EARPHONES AWARD WINNER.Negotiating the terrain of Kazuo Ishiguro’s Klara and the Sun and Emily St. John Mandel’s Sea of Tranquility, a brilliant, haunting speculative novel from a #1 New York Times bestselling translator that sets out to answer the question: What does it mean to be human in a world where technology is quickly catching up to biology?In a near-future world, a new technological therapy is quickly eradicating cancer. The body’s cells are entirely replaced with nanites—robot or android cells which not only cure those afflicted but leaves them virtually immortal.Literary researcher Yonghun teaches an AI how to understand poetry and creates a living, thinking machine he names Panit, meaning Beloved, in honor of his husband. When Yonghun—himself a recipient of nanotherapy—mysteriously vanishes into thin air and then just as suddenly reappears, the event raises disturbing questions. What happened to Yonghun, and though he’s returned, is he really himself anymore?When Dr. Beeko, the scientist who holds the patent to the nanotherapy technology, learns of Panit, he transfers its consciousness from the machine into an android body, giving it freedom and life. As Yonghun, Panit, and other nano humans thrive—and begin to replicate—their development will lead them to a crossroads and a choice with existential consequences.Exploring the nature of intelligence and the unexpected consequences of progress, the meaning of personhood and life, and what we really have to fear from technology and the future, Toward Eternity is a gorgeous, thought-provoking novel that challenges the notion of what makes us human—and how love survives even the end of that humanity.
Toward Equity and Social Justice in Mathematics Education (Research In Mathematics Education Ser.)
by Tonya Gau BartellThis critical volume responds to the enduring challenge in mathematics education of addressing the needs of marginalized students in school mathematics, and stems from the 2015 Annual Meeting of the North American Group of the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME-NA). This timely analysis brings greater clarity and support to such challenges by narrowing in on four foci: theoretical and political perspectives toward equity and justice in mathematics education, identifying and connecting to family and community funds of knowledge, student learning and engagement in preK-12 mathematics classrooms, and supporting teachers in addressing the needs of marginalized learners. Each of these areas examines how race, class, culture, power, justice and mathematics teaching and learning intersect in mathematics education to sustain or disrupt inequities, and include contributions from scholars writing about mathematics education in diverse contexts. Included in the coverage: Disrupting policies and reforms to address the needs of marginalized learnersA socio-spatial framework for urban mathematics educationLinking literature on allywork to the work of mathematics teacher educatorsTransnational families’ mathematical funds of knowledgeMultilingual and technological contexts for supporting learners’ mathematical discoursePreservice teachers’ strategies for teaching mathematics with English learners Toward Equity and Social Justice in Mathematics Education is of significant interest to mathematics teacher educators and mathematics education researchers currently addressing the needs of marginalized students in school mathematics. It is also relevant to teachers of related disciplines, administrators, and instructional designers interested in pushing our thinking and work toward equity and justice in mathematics education.
Toward Equity and Inclusion in Canadian Cities: Lessons From Critical Praxis-oriented Research (McGill-Queen's Studies in Urban Governance)
by Caroline Andrew Fran Klodawsky Janet SiltanenHousing insecurity, intensified employment anxiety, access to adequate services, and fear of personal and structural violence are some of the issues troubling today’s cities and municipalities. Often, these conditions most affect residents whose place in the social hierarchy makes them particularly susceptible to exclusion. Seeking to redress these trends and guide research to facilitate meaningful local action, Toward Equity and Inclusion in Canadian Cities promotes more inclusive urban environments by highlighting and comparing theoretical and practice-based insights. Building on feminist, anti-racist, and anti-colonialist arguments to offer action-oriented solutions to inequalities and exclusions, the contributors to this volume tackle themes such as LGBTQ inclusion, health disparities, diversity initiatives, and urban planning dilemmas. Through a lens of critical praxis the book explores the challenges of collaborations, the negotiations required to reconceptualize research relations, and the ways in which values and practices inform one another. In light of the growing complexity, interrelations, and interactions of our world, Toward Equity and Inclusion in Canadian Cities is a timely work that speaks to a diverse audience of activists, policy makers, community organizations, and researchers of various disciplines.
Toward Equitable Innovation in Health and Medicine: A Framework
by Board on Health Sciences Policy National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine National Academy of Medicine Health and Medicine Division Committee on Creating a Framework for Emerging Science, Technology, and Innovation in Health and MedicineAdvances in biomedical science, data science, engineering, and technology are leading to high-pace innovation with potential to transform health and medicine. These innovations simultaneously raise important ethical and social issues, including how to fairly distribute their benefits and risks. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the National Academy of Medicine, established the Committee on Creating a Framework for Emerging Science, Technology, and Innovation in Health and Medicine to provide leadership and engage broad communities in developing a framework for aligning the development and use of transformative technologies with ethical and equitable principles. The committees resulting report describes a governance framework for decisions throughout the innovation life cycle to advance equitable innovation and support an ecosystem that is more responsive to the needs of a broader range of individuals and is better able to recognize and address inequities as they arise.
Toward Environmental Wholeness: Method in Environmental Ethics and Science (SUNY series in Environmental Philosophy and Ethics)
by Patrick H. ByrneToward Environmental Wholeness proposes a new understanding of environmental wholeness that is needed to address the ethical challenges posed by environmental and climate crises. Relying on the studies of numerous historians, Patrick H. Byrne traces the complex developments in environmental and climate change sciences and how they have posed complex ethical challenges. Drawing upon the thought of Bernard Lonergan, he shows how seemingly contradictory contributions from diverse ethical traditions can be brought together into a framework for responding to what the developing sciences are telling us about our current situation and evaluating our realistic options. Byrne reveals how the limitations of a utilitarian approach to environmental ethics had to be expanded into more holistic approaches and the difficulties those approaches encountered—especially the Romantic notions of a pristine, unchanging nature to be preserved and humans as alien. Environmental and climate change sciences have revealed the complex, dynamic natural and human systems that now call for a more dynamic vision of the whole as the basis for environmental ethics. The book also examines how the initiatives of Pope Francis' Laudato si' and the United Nations' Strategic Development Goals are responding to these challenges.
Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs
by Institute of MedicineDriven by community-based organizations and supported by a growing body of literature, the environmental justice movement contends that poor and minority populations are burdened with more than their share of toxic waste, pesticide runoff, and other hazardous byproducts of our modern economic life.Is environmental degradation worse in poor and minority communities? Do these communities suffer more adverse health effects as a result? The committee addresses these questions and explores how current fragmentation in health policy could be replaced with greater coordination among federal, state, and local parties.The book is highlighted with case studies from five locations where the committee traveled to hear citizen and researcher testimony. It offers detailed examinations in these areas: Identifying environmental hazards and assessing risk for populations of varying ethnic, social, and economic backgrounds, and the need for methodologies that uniquely suit the populations at risk.Identifying basic, clinical, and occupational research needs and meeting challenges to research on minorities.Expanding environmental education from an ecological focus to a public health focus for all levels of health professionals.Legal and ethical aspects of environmental health issues. The book makes recommendations to decisionmakers in the areas of public health, research, and education of health professionals and outlines health policy considerations.
Toward Entrepreneurial Community Development: Leaping Cultural and Leadership Boundaries (Routledge Studies in Entrepreneurship #11)
by Michael Fortunato Morgan ClevengerToward Entrepreneurial Community Development is about developing entrepreneurial communities, and goes beyond theories of the firm to demonstrate how local and regional society contributes in important ways to the vitality of entrepreneurs. The literature is rich with insights about leadership and culture within SMEs, and the behaviours and attitudes of their founders, founding teams, and managers. Since most of the attention in the entrepreneurship literature is focused on firms, we wish to explore everyone else: The social environment surrounding the entrepreneur, and how leadership and culture outside the firm can have pervasive effects on the business. This book reaches across disciplinary boundaries, integrating and advancing knowledge on entrepreneurial community development. The book identifies actionable leadership strategies that can be used by literally anyone to help make a community or region a more culturally-supportive, interactive home for entrepreneurial minds. We draw from original research to compare high and low entrepreneurship communities, and present an emergent picture of how community-level actors can (or fail to) work together to support entrepreneurship in places that are culturally distant from the Silicon Valley (i.e., most places). Toward Entrepreneurial Community Development then offers techniques for entrepreneurial community leadership, including how to build lasting alliances, create an image, and harness the local culture for entrepreneurial advantage. The result is a book that provides the reader with the latest advancements and techniques in entrepreneurship development in a straight-forward, readable format. No matter the reader, Toward Entrepreneurial Community Development demonstrates how anyone, in any position, can lead a local entrepreneurship movement starting anywhere, anytime.
Toward Engaged Anthropology
by Carl A. Maida Sam BeckBy working with underserved communities, anthropologists may play a larger role in democratizing society. The growth of disparities challenges anthropology to be used for social justice. This engaged stance moves the application of anthropological theory, methods, and practice toward action and activism. However, this engagement also moves anthropologists away from traditional roles of observation toward participatory roles that become increasingly involved with those communities or social groupings being studied. The chapters in this book suggest the roles anthropologists are able to play to bring us closer to a public anthropology characterized as engagement.
Toward Empowerment: Women And Movement Politics In India
by Leslie J CalmanAnalyzing Indian women's groups as one sector of a complex of new grass-roots, non-party political movements, Dr. Caiman considers why and how a women's movement evolved in India when it did. She describes the nature, origins, and meanings of the movement for Indian women and discusses the movement's significance for Indian politics in general as w
Toward Effective Strategic Analysis: New Applications Of Information Technology
by Albert ClarksonExploring the future of strategic analysis, this book identifies problems at the heart of the historical U.S. failure to perform effective strategic analysis, then explains and dramatizes how new applications of information technology can make significant progress possible. Certain specific limitations of human memory, says the author, are major ca
Toward Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: Training and Practice
by Robert CarkhuffThe field of counseling and psychotherapy has for years presented the puzzling spectacle of unabating enthusiasm for forms of treatment whose effectiveness cannot be objectively demonstrated. With few exceptions, statistical studies have consistently failed to show that any form of psychotherapy is followed by significantly more improvement than would be caused by the mere passage of an equivalent period of time. Despite this, practitioners of various psychotherapeutic schools have remained firmly convinced that their methods are effective. Many recipients of these forms of treatment also believe that they are being helped.The series of investigations reported in this impressive book resolve this paradoxical state of affairs. The investigators have overcome two major obstacles to progress in the past--lack of agreement on measures of improvement and difficulty of measuring active ingredients of the psychotherapy relationship. The inability of therapists of different theoretical persuasions to agree on criteria of improvement has made comparison of the results of different forms of treatment nearly impossible. The authors have solved this intractable problem by using a wide range of improvement measures and showing that, regardless of measures used in different studies, a significantly higher proportion of results favor their hypothesis than disregard it.Overall, this book represented a major advance at the time of its original publication and is of continuing importance. The research findings resolve some of the most stubborn research problems in psychotherapy, and the training program based on them points the way toward overcoming the shortage of psychotherapists.
Toward Durability and Generalization in Support of Autistic Individuals (Autism and Child Psychopathology Series)
by Daniel R. MitteerThis book describes methods for improving the maintenance and generalization of behavior analytic treatment outcomes for individuals with autism. It introduces the concept of durability—not just treatments that maintain across days or weeks, or that generalize to a few new settings, but those that remain successful under increasingly challenging situations (e.g., over years, during changing reinforcement conditions, across service providers). Chapters address key topics, such as preventive care, early behavioral intervention, treatment of severe destructive behavior, teaching skills across the lifespan, and medication management. In addition, the book addresses ethical and cultural considerations as they relate to treatment maintenance and concludes with perspectives from autistic voices and caregivers. Chapters include case examples highlighting durable outcomes as well as schematics and materials (e.g., data sheets) to assess and maintain treatment gains. Key areas of coverage include: Behavioral persistence, durability of treatment effects, and relapse across the following domains. Early learner and academic skills. Toileting and self-care skills, feeding behavior, and verbal behavior. Social skills and socially reinforced destructive behavior. Automatically reinforced destructive behavior. Medical compliance, implementer behavior, and geriatric behavior.
Toward Dual and Targeted Cancer Therapy with Novel Phthalocyanine-based Photosensitizers
by Janet T LauJanet Lau's thesis describes her studies into the use of phthalocyanine-based photosensitizers in combined chemo- and photodynamic therapy (PDT) and targeted PDT. In order to carry out this study, Lau uses several approaches: conjugation with a chemotherapeutic oxaliplatin derivative, use of a polyamine ligand 2 with a view to targeting the polyamine transporters over-expressed in tumor cells, and employment of a quencher that can inhibit their photodynamic activity but can still be removed under a tumor-associated environment such as low pH and high thiol concentration. This thesis reports dual activatable photosensitizers for the first time. Overall the studies included are original and the effects have been well demonstrated at the cellular level. The work in this thesis is of much current interest and importance, and can pave foundation for further developments. Accordingly, part of the results has been published in prestigious scientific journals.
Toward Defining the Prairies: Region, Culture, and History
by Robert WardhaughNew ways of thinking about literature and history have radically changed how we think about or even "define" a region like the Prairie West. In fact, the very concept of "defining" has come into question by new theoretical approaches and it may now seem a hopeless endeavour. But the process of defining can be just as important as the actual production of a definition.Toward Defining the Prairies highlights recent approaches to thinking about the Prairie West. Bounded by pieces from well-known historian Gerald Friesen and Governor-General's Award-winning writer Robert Kroetsch, these 13 essays are as diverse as the region itself. In their examination of different aspects of Prairie history, literature, climate, society, culture, and identity, they help to provide a new understanding of this place and of the complexities of its definition.
Toward Defining and Improving Quality in Adult Basic Education: Issues and Challenges (Rutgers Invitational Symposium on Education Series)
by Alisa BelzerThis volume revisits, problematizes, and expands the meaning of quality in the context of adult basic education. Covering a wide range of relevant topics, it includes contributors from the realms of both policy and practice and encompasses both the major instructional areas-reading, writing, and mathematics-as well as larger issues of literacy, learning, and adulthood. Each chapter focuses on what improving quality in the field might look like through the particular lens of the author's work. As a whole, the broad scope of topics and ideas addressed will raise the level of discussion, knowledge, and practice regarding quality in adult basic education. In this book, the term adult basic education refers to the broad range of services for adults who wish to improve their literacy and language skills, including beginning and intermediate writing, writing and numeracy, preGED, GED/Adult Secondary Education, and ESL instruction that takes place in a range of contexts including schools, community-based programs, and workplace development programs. The volume is organized around three themes:*Accountability, Standards, and the Use of Documentation and Research;*Program Structures and Instruction; and*Rethinking Our Assumptions and Concepts. Coming at a time of increasing pressure to standardize, to be accountable, and to improve outcomes, and when calls for evidence-based practice are fueling stakeholders' interest in the relationship between research and practice at all levels of the system, Toward Defining and Improving Quality in Adult Basic Education is particularly timely for scholars, graduate students, and professionals in the field of adult basic education.
Toward Culturally Sustaining Teaching: Early Childhood Educators Honor Children with Practices for Equity and Change (NCTE-Routledge Research Series)
by Kindel Turner NashDemonstrating equitable practices and strategies that move toward culturally sustaining teaching such as translanguaging, explorations of children’s literature, alternative modes of literacy assessment, photography and arts integration, student-driven poetry units, and more, this book shares the stories of four teacher–teacher dyads who worked together across university–school contexts to study, generate, and evaluate culturally relevant and sustaining literacy practices in early childhood classrooms across the country. Highlighting the voices and roles of children, families, community members, and teachers of Color, this book suggests new ways for all teachers to build and sustain relationships that are relevant and work toward being sustaining; and anticipates and offers solutions for challenges that arise in these contexts. Insightful and instructive, the narratives in this collection model how to create positive and mutually beneficial dynamics among teachers, children, and their families and communities. This book offers a timely resource for pre-service teachers, teachers, scholars, faculty, and graduate students in language and literacy education, early childhood education, and culturally relevant, responsive, and sustaining teaching.
Toward Continuous Change: Staying Competitive Through Change
by Harvard Business Review PressChange initiatives are incremental, building on previous change initiatives. Implementing continuous change is important to ensuring business growth. This chapter discusses the workplace as an ever-evolving environment that may require a one-time major change or smaller, more incremental change initiatives at more frequent intervals.
Toward Connected, Cooperative and Intelligent IoV: Frontier Technologies and Applications
by Kai Liu Penglin Dai Victor C.S. Lee Joseph Kee-Yin Ng Sang Hyuk SonThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to technological advances in Internet of Vehicles (IoV), including vehicular communications, vehicular system architectures, data dissemination algorithms, resource allocation schemes, and AI-enabled applications. It focuses on the state-of-the-art IoV with regard to three major directions, namely networking, cooperation, and intelligence, including advanced wireless communication technologies, algorithm theory, optimization mechanisms, and AI technologies. In addition, the book includes a number of case studies with system prototype implementation and hands-on experiments in IoV, making it suitable both as a technical reference work for professionals and as a textbook for graduate students.
Toward Commitment: A Dialogue About Marriage
by Diane Rehm John B. RehmIn Toward Commitment, Diane Rehm, the nationally known Public Radio broadcaster, and John, her lawyer-husband, open up for the reader their marriage of over forty years, revealing their passionate bond as well as their points of conflict and frustration. In a series of surprisingly honest dialogues, they grapple with their pronounced differences of background, attitude, and expectation. Addressing difficult and important issues--from love and sex and raising children to dependence and independence, from spiritual differences to financial and social needs--Toward Commitment gives readers the opportunity to eavesdrop on a husband and wife bravely analyzing their relationship and confronting the issues that inevitably strain a relationship. Refreshingly candid, these perceptive discussions will resonate with any two people who care enough about each other to resolve their difficulties. A practical guide for married couples as well as a must-read for couples considering that commitment, this thoughtful and ultimately hopeful book will help them become closer than ever.
Toward Camden (Black Outdoors: Innovations in the Poetics of Study)
by Mercy RomeroIn Toward Camden, Mercy Romero writes about the relationships that make and sustain the largely African American and Puerto Rican Cramer Hill neighborhood in New Jersey where she grew up. She walks the city and writes outdoors to think about the collapse and transformation of property. She revisits lost and empty houses—her family's house, the Walt Whitman House, and the landscape of a vacant lot. Throughout, Romero engages with the aesthetics of fragment and ruin; her writing juts against idioms of redevelopment. She resists narratives of the city that are inextricable from crime and decline and witnesses everyday lives lived at the intersection of spatial and Puerto Rican diasporic memory. Toward Camden travels between what official reports say and what the city's vacant lots withhold.Duke University Press Scholars of Color First Book Award recipient
Toward Brain-Computer Interaction in Paralysis
by Anibal CotrinaThis book presents up-to-date information on Brain-computer Interfaces (BCI). BCIs are systems that record brain signals, extract features and translate them into computer commands. For instance, in BCIs based on the steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP-BCI), brain potentials evoked by visual stimuli are used for controlling computer-based devices. Inspired by the optical phenomenon of depth of field, this book introduces, describes, and evaluates a novel way of setting visual stimuli for SSVEP-BCI. It employs two stimuli that were placed at different distances from the subjects so that if one stimulus is focused on, the other one is non-focused. This assessment allows SSVEP-BCI users to modulate their brain signals by shifting their focus because focused and non-focused stimuli evoke different brain potentials. It allows people to send two brain commands with high accuracy rate by shifting their focus. Hence, computer interaction systems can be proposed for people with paralysis, such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis since focusing mechanism does not demand head, neck, or eyeball movements. The matter assessed in this book that includes offline and online experiments, is useful for researchers in human-machine interaction who are looking for relevant possibilities of improving the quality of life of people in paralysis situation.
Toward Better Usability, Security, and Privacy of Information Technology: Report of a Workshop
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesDespite many advances, security and privacy often remain too complex for individuals or enterprises to manage effectively or to use conveniently. Security is hard for users, administrators, and developers to understand, making it all too easy to use, configure, or operate systems in ways that are inadvertently insecure. Moreover, security and privacy technologies originally were developed in a context in which system administrators had primary responsibility for security and privacy protections and in which the users tended to be sophisticated. Today, the user base is much wider--including the vast majority of employees in many organizations and a large fraction of households--but the basic models for security and privacy are essentially unchanged.Security features can be clumsy and awkward to use and can present significant obstacles to getting work done. As a result, cybersecurity measures are all too often disabled or bypassed by the users they are intended to protect. Similarly, when security gets in the way of functionality, designers and administrators deemphasize it. The result is that end users often engage in actions, knowingly or unknowingly, that compromise the security of computer systems or contribute to the unwanted release of personal or other confidential information. <i>Toward Better Usability, Security, and Privacy of Information Technology</i> discusses computer system security and privacy, their relationship to usability, and research at their intersection.
Toward Behavioral Transaction Cost Economics: Theoretical Extensions and an Application to the Study of MNC Subsidiary Ownership (International Marketing and Management Research)
by George Z. PengAdopting a critical realist position, this book renders transaction cost economics (TCE) into a behavioral theory of organizational decision-making by foregrounding psychological processes and introducing and integrating with effectuation theory. Consistent with its behavioral agenda, the book introduces the concept of uncertainty controllability and provides a clearer conceptualization and a novel modeling strategy of bounded rationality based on the conceptual separation of cognitive bounds from psychological ‘rationalizing.’ The book inspires new insights into the significance of cultural distance (CD). Based on the understanding that culture is socially-extended cognition, the author re-conceptualizes CD as reflecting cognitive bounds, and uses the biases arising from CD to contextualize effectuation and deepen the flat ontology of both TCE and effectuation theory. The book presents a full two-sided behavioral framework of organizational decision-making, with behavioral TCE and behavioral real options theory complementing each other to complete the full behavioral picture. Both sides are further linked to organizational learning, which reduces biases over time and thus drives governance structures toward more rational directions. The full framework uses prospect theory as the overarching theory that determines which side of the behavioral framework is relevant for the uncertainty of concern based on the different problem frames resulting from different degrees of uncertainty controllability. Because effectuation can take place on both sides of the framework based on competing risk logics, prospect theory serves to harmonize inconsistencies in the effectuation literature as a side note. This book applies the behavioral TCE side of the framework to the study of MNC subsidiary ownership decision-making process using a dataset of over 10,000 Japanese subsidiaries founded in 43 host countries. It concludes with a discussion of implications and future directions for TCE in general and international business in particular.