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Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment: LWRT 2023 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #712)
by Yuriy Zabulonov Igor Peer Mark ZheleznyakThis book presents the latest scientific advancements and innovative R&D solutions for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste in the context of practical threats in Ukraine. It includes research and engineering insights from the International Conference &“Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment: Ukrainian Context&” (LWRT), which was held in Kyiv, Ukraine, on June 29, 2023. This publication covers a wide range of topics related to the treatment and management of radioactive waste, with a particular emphasis on safety considerations. The included articles also explore various aspects of environmental engineering and innovative R&D solutions, as well as the sustainability challenges associated with radioactive waste in the context of postwar reconstruction efforts. The contributions featured in this publication were selected through a rigorous international peer-review process. The carefully curated collection of articles showcases a diverse range of exciting ideas, poised to inspire novel research directions and stimulate interdisciplinary collaborations.
The SHINE Framework: Fostering Resilience and Growth in the Face of Adversity
by Samuel M. HoThis book aims to present a new evidence-based approach to the development of resilience: the SHINE framework. Created by the author himself, the SHINE framework is based on five factors: Strength-based habit-building, Hopeful thinking, Interpersonal relationships, Noticing both positives and negatives, and Embracing changes. It combines elements of cognitive psychology and positive psychology to promote long-term habit-building to increase resistance during adversities, post-adversity resilience, and constructive positive changes. Bringing together theory and practice, this timely book features assessment tools and practical strategies to foster psychological resilience in individuals and successfully show how to overcome the challenges of today&’s world. It is also an ideal reading for academics at any level, psychologists, clinicians, social workers, and social sciences students. Readers will find the information and practical exercises useful for self-care and enhancement.
Introduction to Graph Convexity: An Algorithmic Approach (Latin American Mathematics Series)
by Júlio Araújo Mitre C. Dourado Fábio Protti Rudini M. SampaioThis book focuses on the computational aspects of graph convexity, with a particular emphasis on path convexity within graphs. It provides a thoughtful introduction to this emerging research field, which originated by adapting concepts from convex geometry to combinatorics and has experienced substantial growth. The book starts with an introduction of fundamental convexity concepts and then proceeds to discuss convexity parameters. These parameters fall into two categories: one derived from abstract convexity studies and another motivated by computational complexity. Subsequent chapters explore geometric convexity within graphs, examining various graph classes such as interval graphs, proper interval graphs, cographs, chordal graphs, and strongly chordal graphs. The text concludes with a study of the computation of convexity parameters across different convexity types, including practical applications in areas like game theory. Compact and straightforward, this work serves as an ideal entry point for students and researchers interested in pursuing further research in the field of convexity. The English translation of this book, originally in Portuguese, was facilitated by artificial intelligence. The content was later revised by the authors for accuracy.
Hybrid Intelligent Systems: 23rd International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2023), December 11-13, 2023, Volume 3: Information Assurance and Security (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1225)
by Ajith Abraham Pooja Manghirmalani Mishra Anu BajajThis book presents 48 selected papers focused on Information and Network Security from the 23rd International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems and 19th International Conference on Information Assurance and Security (IAS 2023), which was held in five different cities namely Olten, Switzerland; Porto, Portugal; Kaunas, Lithuania; Greater Noida, India; Kochi, India and in online mode. The 23rd International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2023) was focusing on synergistic combinations of multiple approaches to develop the next generation of intelligent systems. HIS-IAS 2023 had contributions by authors from 44 countries. This book offers a valuable reference guide for all network and security specialists, scientists, academicians, researchers, students, and practitioners in the field of artificial intelligence and information/network security.
Bridging the Gap Between the Higher Education and Labor Markets: Relevance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects #73)
by Elena G. PopkovaThis book studies and resolves the challenge of bridging the gap between higher education and the labor market arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It unfolds and elucidates the understudied and previously unknown social nature of Industry 4.0, characterized by workers’ dashed expectations regarding automation. Consequently, the book proposes a scientific-practical approach to social adaptation to Industry 4.0 through higher education. The novelty of this approach lies in the fact that, instead of passively waiting, workers engage in flexible adaptation to evolving labor market conditions, while universities demonstrate increased flexibility in managing and modernizing educational programs. The book presents a comprehensive set of prospective solutions to bridge the gap between higher education and the labor market, leveraging the unique technological possibilities of Industry 4.0. This book explains the essence and technological opportunities for overcoming the gap between higher education and the labor market in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It also delves into and extensively discusses international experiences (including the Kyrgyz Republic, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Peru, the Republic of South Africa, Arabian Peninsula Countries, and Russia) and prospects for overcoming the gap between higher education and labor market in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with particular attention to Central Asian countries.
Inclusion and Political Representation in Peacemaking: The Role of Colombian Women in the Havana Dialogues with the FARC-EP (Critical Security Studies in the Global South)
by Isa Lima MendesThis book addresses the issue of societal inclusion in peacemaking from a conceptual viewpoint seldom mobilized by Conflict Resolution literature: the one of political representation. It reviews how the inclusion debate enters and is developed within the peace and conflict field, proposing, instead, to analyze it through the theoretical lens of political representation. Claiming that it provides better tools to understand the social articulations, oppressions and tensions behind political dynamics inherent to the limited space of the negotiation table, the book discusses the role played by Colombian women in the Havana Dialogues with the former FARC-EP. Whereas articulated women&’s movements were able to overcome initial hesitation concerning their inclusion and had real impact in the final agreement, ultimately both inclusions and exclusions are involved in (and stem from) such representation.
Gender-Transformative Approaches for Climate Change Adaptation: Policies and Practices from the Global South (Springer Climate)
by Anindita Sarkar Nairwita BandyopadhyayThis book offers an array of narratives and recommendations for gender-transformative climate change adaptation strategies based on research and evidence from the Global South. We look at gender-transformative adaptation (GTA) as a process that aims to address gender and power imbalance and strive for a change at the institutional level to enable empowering consequences through the meaningful and equal participation of women and men in leadership, policy, and decision-making processes. It makes four main contributions. First, it collates scholarship on the politics of adaptation and how policies affect men and women differently in communities and different geographical locations. Second, it captures pathways for parallel goals of `climate action' (SDG 13) and `achieving gender equality and empowerment' (SDG 5) through transformative ideas. Third, it curates new methodologies and adds knowledge to the gender transformative research (GTR) and assesses its potential for challenging and addressing gender power equations. Fourth, it voices the parallel ideas and evidence, placing women as both &“victims of climate change&” and as the &“new change makers&” in the path of climate adaptation.
Information and Communication Technology: 13th International Symposium, SOICT 2024, Danang, Vietnam, December 13–15, 2024, Proceedings, Part I (Communications in Computer and Information Science #2350)
by Minh-Triet Tran Binh Huynh Thi Thanh Wray Buntine Morten Fjeld Truyen Tran Takumi MiyoshiThis four-volume set, CCIS 2350-2353, constitutes the referred proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology, SOICT 2024, held in Danang, Vietnam in December 2024. The 88 full papers and 68 poster papers presented here were carefully reviewed and selected from 229 submissions. The papers presented in these volumes are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Multimedia Processing; Operations Research. Part II: AI Applications; Cyber Security. Part III: AI Foundations and Big Data; Human-Computer Interaction. Part IV: Lifelog and Multimedia Retrieval; Generative AI; Software Engineering.
Make, Fail, Repeat: Creative Labor in the Start-Up Age (Creative Working Lives)
by Alberto LusoliThis book examines how the concept of 'Start-up' has transcended its original acceptation as a synonym for an early-stage, hi-tech company, to become a historically specific way of knowing and acting in the world. 'Start-up' is everywhere. The term has been employed since the 1970s to indicate any company with a limited operating history and in a phase of market discovery. In the 1990s, the term gained a more preciseconnotation, one connected to the kind of experimental, technology-based, and venture-backed businessesthat became the most visible embodiment of the New Economy techno-utopianism. Today, the term is widely known and used beyond managerial circles, so much so that it has become a subject of TV showssuch as Shark Tank, MTV&’s Dropout, and HBO&’s irreverent series Silicon Valley. 'Start-up' is no longer just an economic and managerial concept but, the book argues, also a cultural phenomenon that is reshaping the way we conceive work in the 21st century. It does this by furthering the idea that withdrawal from traditional disciplinary regimes such as formal education and wage labor is a necessary step on the pathtoward professional realization and personal freedom. But what happens when one decides to leave the safe harbor of regular employment and set sail on the tumultuous waters of independent work? The book addresses this question through a 22-month ethnographic investigation of the Vancouver new media and digital industries. Through interviews with creative practitioners and participation in informal gatheringsfor tech workers, the book provides a compelling perspective on creative work in the start-up age.
Climate Macroeconomics: Foundations, Methods, and Computational Analysis (Climate Change and Energy Transition)
by Dayong Zhang Ying Tung ChanThis book provides a unique bridge between theoretical foundations and practical implementation of environmental economics modeling. Through a progressive approach, it guides readers from basic analytical frameworks to advanced computational techniques for analyzing climate change policies. Starting with intuitive partial equilibrium models, the book systematically builds understanding of three major modeling frameworks: Environmental Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (E-DSGE), Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE), and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Each framework is thoroughly explained with detailed MATLAB implementations, making complex concepts accessible and practical. The book's distinctive two-part structure serves multiple audiences: Part I develops fundamental concepts through analytically solvable models ideal for advanced undergraduates, while Part II explores sophisticated modeling approaches suitable for graduate students and researchers. Throughout, readers benefit from: Comprehensive coverage of carbon taxation, cap-and-trade systems, and other environmental policy instruments Detailed MATLAB code for implementing theoretical concepts Clear connections between different modeling approaches for policy analysis Whether you're an economics student learning environmental modeling, a policy analyst working on climate regulations, or a researcher comparing modeling frameworks, this book provides the tools to engage with modern environmental economic analysis.
Building Resilience: Climate Change and Livelihoods in the Global South (Palgrave Studies in Climate Resilient Societies)
by Nyong Princely AwaziThis book explores the intersection of climate resilience, livelihoods, and sustainability in various sectors – from forestry to fisheries and agriculture – within the global South. The author provides a comprehensive examination of how climate change impacts these communities, the adaptive strategies they employ, and the policy frameworks necessary for promoting resilience. Through a multidisciplinary approach that integrates ecological, economic, and social dimensions, this book is an essential resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in fields relating to fishery, forestry and agriculture in the global South.
Psychotherapy for Cancer Patients
by Esra SavaşThis integrative volume is designed as a full resource for the psychological issues associated with cancer. Experts in a variety of areas (oncology. psychiatry, psychology, medicine, and social work) bring their insights to bear on treatment of the complex issues of cancer treatment. A range of therapy strategies are discussed, as well as varieties of therapeutic modalities. Included are evidence-based strategies for effective care for both individual and group settings. Attention is also given to care beyond the patient, including families and care givers. This volume is a comprehensive guide to providing psychotherapy in tandem with other cancer treatments and is essential guide to the present practical concerns as well as future research directions.
Gender, Power and Politics in Agriculture: Revisiting Theory and Practice
by Hugo Campos Jemimah Njuki Vivian Polar Hale Ann Tufan Monifa Morgan-BellThis is a open access book. In the agriculture sector, the language of gender integration often ignores the politics and the power dynamics that are central to critical, and feminist, analysis of gender relations. This volume explores largely neglected topics such as power dynamics, masculinities, gendered social norms, feminist research practice, intersectionality, critical analysis of tools and more, that are fundamental to shifting the entrenched power dynamics and politics of gender research in agriculture. The purpose of this book is to reduce the gap existing between theory, methods, and practice of gender relations in agriculture and agricultural research. Through an in-depth analysis of current processes in agriculture and drawing on existing experiences in other sectors, it seeks to create pathways for learning, catalyzing change and positive impact on gender equity and social inclusion. This volume seeks to bring forth a change in how gender relations in agriculture are researched, practiced and taught.
Künstliche Intelligenz: Wie uns die Psychologie hilft, mit der neuen Herausforderung umzugehen
by Christian MontagKünstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist spätestens seit der Einführung durch ChatGPT im November 2022 in aller Munde. Damit steht auch eine große Frage im Raum: Wie wird diese Technologie unser Leben und unsere Gesellschaft verändern? Zwischen Hype und Apokalypse gilt es eine nuancierte Haltung gegenüber der KI-Technologie zu entwickeln, wobei Risiken und Potentiale gleichermaßen abgewogen werden müssen. Dies ist nicht leicht, weil es sich bei der KI um eine Allzweck-Technologie handelt, die ähnlich der Elektrizität, in vielen Bereichen eine wesentliche Rolle spielen wird. Warum sollten Sie dieses Buch lesen? In einer Zeit, in der KI unser tägliches Leben immer mehr durchdringt, bietet dieses Buch nicht nur psychologisch fundierte Einsichten, sondern hilft Ihnen auch, selbstbewusster und informierter mit den Veränderungen umzugehen. Denn: um eine ausgewogene und zugleich fundierte Haltung gegenüber der KI zu entwickeln, bringt der Autor für Sie die wichtigsten psychologischen Erkenntnisse rund um das Thema KI in klarer, verständlicher Sprache und mit anschaulichen Abbildungen auf den Punkt. Ein kompaktes Sachbuch, das interessierten Lesern und Leserinnen hilft, die Herausforderungen und Chancen der KI besser zu verstehen.
Medical Image Understanding and Analysis: 29th Annual Conference, MIUA 2025, Leeds, UK, July 15–17, 2025, Proceedings, Part III (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #15918)
by Michelle Peckham David C. Hogg Sharib AliThe three-volume set LNCS 15916,15917 & 15918 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, MIUA 2025, held in Leeds, UK, during July 15–17, 2025. The 67 revised full papers presented in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 99 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Frontiers in Computational Pathology; and Image Synthesis and Generative Artificial Intelligence. Part II: Image-guided Diagnosis; and Image-guided Intervention. Part III: Medical Image Segmentation; and Retinal and Vascular Image Analysis.
Intensive English Programs in Türkiye: Policy, Pedagogy, and Administration
by Emrah CinkaraThis edited book comprehensively explores pre-sessional English language education in Türkiye, where over one-third of undergraduate programs are taught in English across 209 universities. It examines the management and administration of Intensive English Programs (IEPs), covering key areas such as curriculum design, assessment, teacher training, and student support. Contributors analyze how IEPs adapt to diverse learner needs, implement effective assessment strategies, and integrate digital tools to enhance learning. The book also explores the role of technology in IEPs, highlighting the impact of online platforms and digital resources on language instruction. Addressing challenges in maintaining quality amid evolving educational demands, it discusses policy considerations, institutional frameworks, and faculty development initiatives that shape effective program implementation. Offering theoretical insights, empirical research, and practical recommendations, this volume serves as an essential resource for educators, administrators, policymakers, and researchers seeking to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of English language instruction.
Human-Computer Interaction: Thematic Area, HCI 2025, Held as Part of the 27th HCI International Conference, HCII 2025, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 22–27, 2025, Proceedings, Part IV (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #15769)
by Masaaki Kurosu Ayako HashizumeThis seven-volume set constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Human Computer Interaction thematic area of the 27th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2025, held in Gothenburg, Sweden, during June 22–27, 2025. The HCI Thematic Area constitutes a forum for scientific research and addressing challenging and innovative topics in Human-Computer Interaction theory, methodology and practice, including, for example, novel theoretical approaches to interaction, novel user interface concepts and technologies, novel interaction devices, UI development methods, environments and tools, multimodal user interfaces, emotions in HCI, aesthetic issues, HCI and children, evaluation methods and tools, and many others.
Object-based Programming with Go
by Christian MaurerThis textbook explains the concept of "object-based programming" as an essential part of "object orientation" and elucidates why the programming language Go, developed at Google, optimally supports this concept. Using significant parts of the micro-universe, a large collection of software components (with source code totaling nearly 64,000 lines), many important data types and their algorithms are described. In the practical section, various programs constructed according to this concept are presented. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.
Children’s Picture Books about Refugees and Campbell’s Monomyth (Palgrave Studies in Education, Culture, and Politics in Children’s Picture Books)
by Margaret Baguley Martin Kerby Alison Bedford Eseta TualauleleiThis book explores the portrayal of refugee experiences in children&’s picture books using insights from Joseph Campbell&’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Chapter 1 considers this emerging genre of children&’s literature within its social and educational context and explains how the narratives embedded within these books were examined. Chapter 2 cites key studies in the field of children&’s picture books about refugees to uncover common narrative arcs, characterisations, themes and educative value. Remaining chapters detail the three core elements of Campbell's canonical narrative arc to review how the experience of refugees is presented in modern picture books using this familiar narrative structure as a means of exploring a humanitarian issue with overt political overtones. In so doing, the authors employ an innovative means of analysing picture books that deal with refugees by positioning them within a familiar narrative arc that belies the fear of difference they may otherwise represent.
Advances in Design, Simulation and Manufacturing VIII: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Design, Simulation, Manufacturing: The Innovation Exchange, DSMIE-2025, June 17–20, 2025, Porto, Portugal - Volume 3: Materials Engineering and Engineering Education (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)
by Vitalii Ivanov Francisco J. G. Silva Arnaldo Manuel Guedes Pinto Rita de Cassia M. Sales-ContiniThis book reports on advances in materials engineering, with a special emphasis on applying innovative approaches in coatings and protective technologies, particularly in the synthesis of new nanostructures, multilayer coatings, and ensuring antibacterial properties. It discusses wear behaviour for ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Further chapters report on the performance properties and mechanical characterization of composite and polymer materials for building efficiency and filtration applications. They also cover research results on cellulose, paper, and textile materials, focusing on strength properties. Yet, this book also describes innovative methods in engineering education, particularly the use of smart complexes and simulations to enhance students&’ competencies growth based on professional, environmental, and economic culture. Based on the 8th International Conference on Design, Simulation, Manufacturing: The Innovation Exchange (DSMIE-2025), held on June 17-20, 2025, in Porto, Portugal, this third volume of a 4-volume set provides academics and professionals with extensive information on technologies, trends, challenges, and practice-oriented experience in all the above-mentioned areas.
Versorgung von Schwerverletzten im Schockraum: Kursbuch für Pflegekräfte
by Margot Dietz-Wittstock Michael KegelDieses Buch richtet sich an Pflegekräfte in Notaufnahmen und bietet alle relevanten Aspekte in der klinischen Akutversorgung von Schwerverletzten im Schockraum. Das schwere Trauma stellt nach wie vor eine häufige Todesursache in Deutschland dar. Durch eine strukturierte und zielstrebige Versorgung kann das Outcome von Traumapatienten deutlich verbessert werden. Auf der Grundlage bereits anerkannter Konzepte wurde das Kursformat Schwerstverletztenmanagement in der Klinik (SiK) auf die deutschen Verhältnisse abgestimmt und weiterentwickelt. Es schult die systematische, professionelle und teamorientierte Arbeit in der klinischen Schwerstverletztenversorgung. Das Kursformat Schwerstverletztenmanagement (SIK) wird vom Notfallcampus der Deutschen Gesellschaft Interdisziplinäre Notfall und Akutmedizin (DGINA) angeboten.
Religious Instruction for Soldiers in the First English Civil War, 1642–1646
by Antti TaipaleThis monograph examines religion in the first English Civil War as a tool for war both in instructing soldiers and portraying the enemy. It argues that thus far, the remarkable differences between the teaching of Parliamentarian and Royalist ministers to their respective armies have gone largely unnoticed. Relying on the methodologies of intellectual history combined with a comparative approach, it offers a new interpretation of soldiers&’ religious radicalism and highlights differences between the armies&’ spiritual edification. Hence, it contributes significantly to the history of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and to the study of political radicalisation leading up to the regicide of Charles I. Moreover, it offers a detailed study of the ways in which religion was used as a tool for war in the early modern period. The role of religion has often been at the centre of historiography of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1653). This prominence has culminated in the stereotypical character of a godly Puritan soldier, especially in relation to the New Model Army. However, while there have been debates about the role and importance of religion for the conduct and success of the armies, the theme of soldiers&’ religious instruction as a tool of advice and indoctrination has received less attention. The main aim of this book is thus to rectify this lack in the historiographical mainstream and to set out a new significant interpretation of the religious character of the Civil War.
Interpretation of Statutes: சட்டப்பொருள் விளக்கம்
by P. Jaganathanசட்டப்பொருள் விளக்கம் என்பது நிலைமுறை மற்றும் நடைமுறைச் சட்டங்களிலிருந்து எழுந்த ஒரு பாடப் பிரிவாகும். இப்படிப்பிற்கு அடிப்படைச் சட்டங்களைப் பற்றிய அறிவு அவசியம் ஆகும். இப்படிப்பு ஆராய்ச்சி சம்பந்தப்பட்ட படிப்பாக கருதப்படுகிறது. இந்நுாலில் ஒவ்வொரு பாடங்களிளும் உபதலைப்புகள், உதாரணங்கள் ஆகியவை கொடுக்கப்பட்டு கட்டுரைவடிவில் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒவ்வொரு தலைப்பிற்கும் முந்தைய பல்கலைகழக வினாக்களும் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. தீர்ப்புவழிச் சட்டங்கள், சட்டமுதுமொழிகள் ஆகியவை தனியாக கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால், அவற்றை மாணவர்கள் எளிதாக புரிந்து கொள்ளமுடியும். மேலும் முந்தைய பல்கலைகழக வினாக்கள் அனைத்திற்கும் விடைகள் அளிக்கப்பட்டு அதன் பக்கங்களின் எண்களும் வினாத்தாளில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன
Digitalization in Additive Manufacturing (Springer Tracts in Additive Manufacturing)
by Numan M. Durakbasa Kerim Cetinkaya Pinar Demircioglu Ismail BogrekciThis book features a selection of papers presented at the 8th International Congress on 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 2024 (3D-PTC2024), held from September 6–8, 2024, in Antalya, Türkiye, in a hybrid format. It covers several topics reflecting the dynamic landscape of additive manufacturing and digital innovation. The chapters explore cutting-edge advancements in materials and techniques, alongside practical applications in medical, dental, and industrial realms. Digital design, simulation, and sustainability considerations are presented with discussions on regulatory frameworks and future trends, offering a comprehensive view of this transformative field.
Electrical Sustainable Energy for Mechanical Engineering
by Masaaki OkuboThis book describes fundamentals and applications on electrical sustainable energy for Mechanical Engineering. The main objective of this book is to provide readers with an easy-to-understand resource on the foundations and application of electrical sustainable energy. This book was specifically crafted with the intention to serve as a resource for students in the third year through graduate school, particularly in departments other than electrical engineering such as mechanical engineering departments at universities. The aim is to provide foundational knowledge on sustainable electrical energy and energy conversion principles. The topics addressed are those which the author found beneficial in the pursuit of mechanical engineering research and are related to sustainable electrical engineering. It is designed to be covered within a semester of 15 weeks (90 minutes per week), structured into nine chapters. Specifically, it is suggested that chapters 1 and 2 be taught over 4 weeks, chapters 4 to 7 over 6 weeks, and chapters 8 and 9 across 5 weeks. Furthermore, each chapter has comprehensive exercise problems and is projected to cover approximately eight problems in two weeks. These exercises can either be conducted as in-class integrative practice or assigned as weekly homework tasks, with the intention of nurturing problem-solving capabilities in students.