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Asymmetric Information and the Market Structure of the Banking Industry
by Giovanni Dell' AricciaA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Asymmetric Information: Market Failures, Market Distortions, and Market Solutions
by Kenneth CortsPresents a conceptual framework for thinking about markets characterized by asymmetric information. Presents the standard economic analysis of "the lemons problem," and demonstrates how asymmetric information may lead to market inefficiencies and alter the distribution of surplus. Then discusses the potential to overcome these problems through credible signals of quality, illustrated by the example of education as a signal in labor markets. Concludes by briefly discussing the incentives of firms to screen consumers in order to price discriminate or to target particularly profitable consumer groups.
Asymmetric Kernel Smoothing: Theory and Applications in Economics and Finance (SpringerBriefs in Statistics)
by Masayuki HirukawaThis is the first book to provide an accessible and comprehensive introduction to a newly developed smoothing technique using asymmetric kernel functions. Further, it discusses the statistical properties of estimators and test statistics using asymmetric kernels. The topics addressed include the bias-variance tradeoff, smoothing parameter choices, achieving rate improvements with bias reduction techniques, and estimation with weakly dependent data. Further, the large- and finite-sample properties of estimators and test statistics smoothed by asymmetric kernels are compared with those smoothed by symmetric kernels. Lastly, the book addresses the applications of asymmetric kernel estimation and testing to various forms of nonnegative economic and financial data. Until recently, the most popularly chosen nonparametric methods used symmetric kernel functions to estimate probability density functions of symmetric distributions with unbounded support. Yet many types of economic and financial data are nonnegative and violate the presumed conditions of conventional methods. Examples include incomes, wages, short-term interest rates, and insurance claims. Such observations are often concentrated near the boundary and have long tails with sparse data. Smoothing with asymmetric kernel functions has increasingly gained attention, because the approach successfully addresses the issues arising from distributions that have natural boundaries at the origin and heavy positive skewness. Offering an overview of recently developed kernel methods, complemented by intuitive explanations and mathematical proofs, this book is highly recommended to all readers seeking an in-depth and up-to-date guide to nonparametric estimation methods employing asymmetric kernel smoothing.
Asymmetric Metal Catalysis in Enantioselective Domino Reactions
by Helene PellissierIntroduces an innovative and outstanding tool for the easy synthesis of complex chiral structures in a single step Covering all of the literature since the beginning of 2006, this must-have book for chemists collects the major progress in the field of enantioselective one-, two-, and multicomponent domino reactions promoted by chiral metal catalysts. It clearly illustrates how enantioselective metal-catalyzed processes constitute outstanding tools for the development of a wide variety of fascinating one-pot asymmetric domino reactions, thereby allowing many complex products to be easily generated from simple materials in one step. The book also strictly follows the definition of domino reactions by Tietze as single-, two-, as well as multicomponent transformations. Asymmetric Metal Catalysis in Enantioselective Domino Reactions is divided into twelve chapters, dealing with enantioselective copper-, palladium-, rhodium-, scandium-, silver-, nickel-, gold-, magnesium-, cobalt-, zinc-, yttrium and ytterbium-, and other metal-catalyzed domino reactions. Most of the chapters are divided into two parts dealing successively with one- and two-component domino reactions, and three-component processes. Each part is subdivided according to the nature of domino reactions. Each chapter of the book includes selected applications of synthetic methodologies to prepare natural and biologically active products. -Presents the novel combination of asymmetric metal catalysis with the concept of fascinating domino reactions, which allows high molecular complexity with a remarkable level of enantioselectivity -Showcases an incredible tool synthesizing complex and diverse chiral structures in a single reaction step -Includes applications in total synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds -Written by a renowned international specialist in the field -Stimulates the design of novel asymmetric domino reactions and their use in the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials Asymmetric Metal Catalysis in Enantioselective Domino Reactions will be of high interest to synthetic, organic, medicinal, and catalytic chemists in academia and R&D departments.
Asymmetric Neighbors and International Relations: Living in the Shadow of Elephants (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics)
by Thomas R. Klassen Ian Roberge Nara ParkWith a range of case studies from every continent, the contributors to this book analyze the challenges that arise for states living with much larger neighbors, and the policies they develop to account for this asymmetry. Bringing together the perspectives of bilateral relations and the study of small states, this book analyzes a range of scenarios where one or more smaller countries must manage relations with a much larger neighbor or neighbors, from the perspective of the smaller countries. Each case presents different priorities, depending on the relationship between the states concerned, while highlighting the commonalities across the various scenarios. The range of cases and contributors is wide and diverse, with examples including Togo’s relationship with Ghana, Mongolia’s with China, and Colombia’s with Brazil – as well as more widely known examples such as Canada and the United States, or Australia and New Zealand. A valuable resource for scholars and students of international relations, and public policy of small- and medium-sized states.
Asymmetric Organo-Metal Catalysis: Concepts, Principles, and Applications
by Liu-Zhu GongExplore the latest advances involving organo/metal combined catalysts from leading contributors in the field In Asymmetric Organo-Metal Catalysis: Concepts, Principles, and Applications, accomplished chemist Liu-Zhu Gong delivers a comprehensive discussion of how to design efficient organo/metal combined catalyst systems, new cooperatively catalyzed asymmetric reactions, relay catalytic cascades, and multicomponent reactions. The distinguished author covers critical topics, like the combined catalysis of chiral phase transfer catalysts, enamine, iminium, nucleophilic Lewis base, or Bronsted acids with metal complexes, while also covering the cooperative catalysis of photocatalysts and organocatalysts. The book offers readers an exploration of the general concepts and principles of bond activation and reorganization, together with a comprehensive introduction to the historical developments and recent advances in the field. Readers will also benefit from the descriptions of new chemistry and new synthetic methods included within. Asymmetric Organo-Metal Catalysis also provides: Thorough introductions to chiral PTC-metal cooperative catalysis and enamine-metal cooperative catalysis Comprehensive explorations of iminum-metal relay catalysis and cooperative catalysis of bronsted acids and transition metals Practical discussions of metal-bronsted acid relay catalysis and Lewis base–Lewis acid cooperative catalysis In-depth examinations of Lewis base-transition metal cooperative catalysis and photocatalysis combined with organocatalysis Perfect for organic, catalytic, and pharmaceutical chemists, Asymmetric Organo-Metal Catalysis: Concepts, Principles, and Applications is also an invaluable resource for chemists working with or on organometallics.
Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Natural Product Syntheses (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #96)
by Mario WaserThis book provides the reader with an illustrative overview concerning successful and widely used applications of organocatalysis in the field of natural product synthesis. The main focus will be on organocatalytic key-steps for each (multi-step) synthesis described, whereas other often particularly innovative transformations will be omitted, as this would be beyond the scope of this volume.
Asymmetric Organocatalysis: Lewis Base And Acid Catalysts (Topics in Current Chemistry #291)
by Benjamin ListKerstin Etzenbach-Effers, Albrecht Berkessel: Non-Covalent Organocatalysis Based on Hydrogen Bonding: Elucidation of Reaction Paths by Computational Methods. - Petri M. Pihko, Inkeri Majander, and Anniina Erkkilä: Enamine Catalysis. - Jennifer L. Moore, Tomislav Rovis: Lewis Base Catalysts 6: Carbene Catalysts. - Amal Ting, Jennifer M. Goss, Nolan T. McDougal, and Scott E. Schaus: Brønsted Base Catalysts. - O. Andrea Wong, Yian Shi: Chiral Ketone and Iminium Catalysts for Olefin Epoxidation. - Alan C. Spivey, Stellios Arseniyadis: Amine, Alcohol and Phosphine Catalysts for Acyl Transfer Reactions. - John B. Brazier, Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson: Lewis Base Catalysts 2 Secondary and Primary Amine Catalysts for Iminium Catalysis. - Oksana Sereda, Sobia Tabassum, and René Wilhelm: Lewis Acid Organocatalysts. - Daniela Kampen, Corinna M. Reisinger, and Benjamin List: Chiral Bronsted Acids for C Organocatalysis.
Asymmetric Organocatalysis: New Strategies, Catalysts, and Opportunities, 2 Volumes
by Lukasz AlbrechtAsymmetric Organocatalysis Comprehensive resource on the latest and most important developments in the highly vivid field of asymmetric organocatalysis The book provides a comprehensive overview of the most important advancements in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis that have occurred within the last decade. It presents valuable examples of newly developed synthetic methodologies based on various organocatalytic activation modes. Special emphasis is given to strategies where organocatalysis is expanding its potential by pushing the boundaries and founding new synergistic interactions with other fields of synthetic chemistry, such as metal catalysis, photocatalysis, and biocatalysis. The application of different concepts (such as vinylogy, dearomatization, or cascade reactivity), resulting in the development of new functionalization strategies, is also discussed. Sample topics covered within the book include: New developments in enantioselective Brønsted acid catalysis with strong hydrogen-bond donors Asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis, from classical applications to new concepts Halogen-bonding organocatalysis Asymmetric electrochemical organocatalysis and synergistic organo-organocatalysis Immobilized organocatalysts for enantioselective continuous flow processes Mechanochemistry and high-pressure techniques in asymmetric organocatalysis Useful tools in elucidation of organocatalytic reaction mechanisms With an overall focus on new reactions and catalysts, this two-volume work is an indispensable source for everyone working in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis.
Asymmetric Power Relations and International Trade Law: A Legal Analysis of Economic Partnership Agreements (Routledge Research in International Economic Law)
by Inebu C. Agbo-EjehThe book offers an analysis of the contradictions between theory and practice in the trading system. It contextualises the colonial legal structure and its impact on the peripheral countries and their participation and gain in the multilateral trading system.The book’s core argument effectively situates Economic Partnership Agreements in the ‘systemic’ asymmetry, which characterises the relationship between developed and developing countries in global trade. It applies the idea of asymmetry to the relationship between the core countries—the EU/USA and the peripheral countries (ACP)—in the GATT, multilaterally and in the EU-ACP trade relationship, bilaterally. The book identifies that core provisions in the WTO regime such as the special and differential treatment as well as GATT Article XXIV have not lived up to expectations. Underscoring the asymmetrical participation and dominant role of former colonial powers, the book demonstrates how, although trade is generally considered a catalyst for economic growth, developed countries have safeguarded their domestic markets while exerting pressure on developing countries to liberalise and compete. The European Union has taken measures to address the development concerns of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries through the Lomé Conventions and Cotonou Agreement; however, these relationships still retain and reinforce colonial paternalism, evidenced by recent trade agreements. An alternative possibility—multipolarity—holds promise for African countries, especially intra-African trade and critical engagement with China.The book is an invaluable resource for scholars, postgraduate students, government officials, and policymakers, as it offers a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of trade negotiations and agreements.
Asymmetric Returns
by Alexander M. IneichenIn Asymmetric Returns, financial expert Alexander Ineichen elevates the critical discussion about alpha versus beta and absolute returns versus relative returns. He argues that controlling downside volatility is a key element in asset management if sustainable positive compounding of capital and financial survival are major objectives. Achieving sustainable positive absolute returns are the result of taking and managing risk wisely, that is, an active risk management process where risk is defined in absolute terms and changes in the market place are accounted for. The result of an active risk management process-when successful-is an asymmetric return profile, that is, more and higher returns on the upside and fewer and lower returns on the downside. Ineichen claims that achieving Asymmetric Returns is the future of active asset management.Alexander M. Ineichen, CFA, CAIA, is Managing Director and Senior Investment Officer for the Alternative Investment Solutions team, a key provider within Alternative and Quantitative Investments, itself a business within UBS Global Asset Management. He is also on the Board of Directors of the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Association (CAIAA). Ineichen is the author of the two UBS research publications In Search of Alpha--Investing in Hedge Funds (October 2000) and The Search for Alpha Continues--Do Fund of Hedge Funds Add Value? (September 2001). As of 2006 these two reports were the most often printed research papers in the documented history of UBS. He is also author of the widely popular Absolute Returns--The Risk and Opportunities of Hedge Fund Investing, also published by John Wiley & Sons.
Asymmetric Synthesis II
by Stefan Bräse Mathias ChristmannAfter the overwhelming success of 'Asymmetric Synthesis - The Essentials', narrating the colorful history of asymmetric synthesis, thisis the second edition with latest subjects and authors. While the aim of the first edition was mainly to honor the achievements of the pioneersin asymmetric syntheses, the aim of this new edition was bringing the current developments, especially from younger colleagues, to theattention of students. The format of the book remained unchanged, i.e. short conceptual overviews by young leaders in their field includinga short biography of the authors. The growing multidisciplinary research within chemistry is reflected in the selection of topics including metal catalysis, organocatalysis, physical organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and its applications in total synthesis. The prospective reader of this book is a graduate or undergraduate student of advanced organic chemistry as well as the industrial chemist who wants to get a brief update on the current developments in the field.
Asymmetric Synthesis in Organophosphorus Chemistry: Synthetic Methods, Catalysis and Applications
by Oleg I. KolodiazhnyiAuthored by one of the leading experts in the field, this is the only comprehensive overview of chiral organophosphorus compounds, from asymmetric synthesis to catalysis and pharmacological applications. As such, this unique reference covers the chemical background as well as spectroscopical analysis of phosphorus compounds, and thoroughly describes all the various synthetic strategies for these substances. Metal-, organo- and biocatalyzed reactions for the introduction of phosphorus are explained as are asymmetric oxidation and reduction methods for the preparation of all possible oxidation states of phosphorus. The text also includes industrial applications for these compounds. Of particular interest to chemists working in the field of asymmetric synthesis, as well as to the pharmaceutical industry due to the increasing number of phosphorous-containing drugs.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive Lactones and the Development of a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Aryl Ketones (Springer Theses)
by Robert DoranThis thesis addresses two fundamental areas in contemporary organic chemistry: synthesis of natural products and catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Firstly, a new methodology, developed by our research group, which allows the asymmetric synthesis of lactones, a structural unit ubiquitous in natural products, was utilised in the synthesis of a number of natural product analogues that showed significant biological activity. Secondly, the development of a catalytic asymmetric synthesis of a key structural motif present in a number of natural products and pharmaceuticals was accomplished. During the course of this work we discovered dual stereo control, which is significant because it allows the configuration of a new stereo centre to be controlled by a simple change of proton source.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Drugs and Natural Products
by Ahindra NagThis book focuses on different techniques of asymmetric synthesis of important compounds, such as drugs and natural products. It gives insightful information on recent asymmetric synthesis by Inorganic, Organic and Enzymatic combinations. It also emphasizes chiral compounds and design of new catalyst for synthesis of compounds.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products
by Ari M. KoskinenAsymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products, 2nd Edition introduces students to this rapidly growing field of organic chemistry. The initial chapters present the foundations of asymmetric synthesis, including the theory and applications of individual asymmetric reactions. This is followed by chapters on each of the major individual classes of natural products; their structures, biosynthesis and interrelationships as well as examples of asymmetric syntheses and the practical value of these compounds. Natural product classes covered include carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, polyketides, isoprenoids, shikamic acid derivatives and alkaloids.For this second edition the text has been thoroughly updated and expanded, and includes new discussions and examples covering atom and redox economies, practical aspects and environmental awareness. Organocatalysis has emerged completely in the last ten years, and has been fully integrated into this new edition.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products
by Ari M. KoskinenAsymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products Fully updated learning resource covering the concept of using natural product chemistry for strategies in asymmetric synthesis The third edition of Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products introduces students to the rapidly growing field of natural products in organic chemistry, discussing the practical, mainly pharmacological, importance of selected compounds and emphasizing the target-oriented approach of organic synthesis which is key in industrial strategies. To aid in reader comprehension, the text includes key references and an Index of Compounds. The textbook is based on two lecture courses (Asymmetric Synthesis & Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products), which the author has delivered more than 50 times over the past 20 years in Finland, the UK, Italy, and Greece. This third edition is fully updated from the earlier versions (published by Wiley in 1993 and 2012). The importance of natural products as truly renewable raw materials in sustainable chemistry and circular economy is illustrated through applications of e.g. organocatalysis, organometallic catalysis, and biocatalysis. The contents consist of traditional text supplemented with illustrations (such as chemical drawings and structural formulae). Three dimensional aspects are also discussed with the use of 3D renderings of structures for both reaction mechanisms (molecular modeling) and crystallographic data. Sample topics covered in the textbook include: The foundations of asymmetric synthesis, including the theory and applications of individual asymmetric reactions Sustainable development, the circular economy, and use of renewable raw materials that have become prominent in many fields of science and technology Various natural product classes, including carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and polyketides The properties of these natural product classes, including their structures, biosynthesis, and interrelationships, as well as examples of asymmetric syntheses and the practical value of these compounds Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural Products is a comprehensive, authoritative, and up-to-date learning resource on the subject for advanced level undergraduate or early-stage graduate students. It is also useful for specialists already working in synthesis who wish to learn about asymmetric synthesis.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids
by Peter Langer Ashot S. SaghyanAuthored by two internationally recognized experts with an excellent track record, this much-needed reference summarizes latest research in the rapidly developing field of stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically enriched amino acids, particularly of non-proteinogenic origin. It highlights several different catalytic and stoichiometric asymmetric methods for their synthesis and also provides information on origin, biological properties, different synthetic strategies and important applications in medicine and pharmacology. Essential reading for synthetic chemists working in the field of asymmetric synthesis, natural products and peptide synthesis, stereochemistry, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Three-Membered Rings
by Alessandra Lattanzi Hélène Pellissier Renato DalpozzoThe first handbook to focus on the asymmetric synthesis of different types of three-membered rings. The outstanding and experienced authors have an excellent international reputation and cover cyclopropanes, epoxides and aziridines as well as chiral oxaziridines in equal measure. To this end, they describe in detail different synthetic approaches starting with chiral substrates as well as the application of chiral metal- or organocatalysts. Furthermore, methods for the kinetic resolution of initially racemic products are treated alongside recent advances and novel developments in established techniques for the synthesis of three-membered rings. With its structured composition this is of high interest to scientists in methodological and natural product synthesis as well as those in industrial and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Asymmetric Synthetic Methodology
by David John Ager Michael B. EastThis comprehensive text presents a critical discussion of the scopes and limitations of various organic synthetic methodologies that are available for performing asymmetric transformations. In addition to purely chemical methods, the book covers applications of new enzymes and other biological systems that are increasingly useful in asymmetric methodology.
Asymmetric Trade Negotiations (The International Political Economy of New Regionalisms Series)
by Sanoussi BilalThe slow pace of the Doha Round has boosted the proliferation of regional and bilateral trade agreements. Paradoxically, the more powerful actors, the US and the European Union, who at the same time have benefited the most from the multilateral system, have also been engaged in bilateral and regional negotiations in order to sign WTO-plus agreements with developing countries. Combining a clear theoretical exposition with systematic cross-regional analysis, 'Asymmetric Trade Negotiations' offers a coherent picture of strategic, design and political economy aspects of North-South trade negotiation processes, from African, Asian and Latin American perspectives. Skilled area specialists gather to provide negotiators and policy makers in the South with recommendations, best practices, and benchmarks and contribute to the understanding of these recent processes.
Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict
by Peter R. LavoyThe 1999 conflict between India and Pakistan near the town of Kargil in contested Kashmir was the first military clash between two nuclear-armed powers since the 1969 Sino-Soviet war. Kargil was a landmark event not because of its duration or casualties, but because it contained a very real risk of nuclear escalation. Until the Kargil conflict, academic and policy debates over nuclear deterrence and proliferation occurred largely on the theoretical level. This deep analysis of the conflict offers scholars and policymakers a rare account of how nuclear-armed states interact during military crisis. Written by analysts from India, Pakistan, and the United States, this unique book draws extensively on primary sources, including unprecedented access to Indian, Pakistani, and U. S. government officials and military officers who were actively involved in the conflict. This is the first rigorous and objective account of the causes, conduct, and consequences of the Kargil conflict.
Asymmetric Warfare: Politics and Cultures of Violence in the Modern Era (Elements in Modern Wars)
by Jacob HagstromThe forces that fight asymmetric wars are so distinct that one side avoids direct military confrontation in favor of political, social, or otherwise unorthodox means of resistance. These conflicts have been a mainstay of modern times, though scholars have often separated them into various designations by era. Observers have referred, in chronological order, to Indian warfare, petite guerre (small war), guerrilla warfare, irregular or revolutionary war, and terrorism. The proliferation of labels over time has obscured the continuity of asymmetric wars throughout modernity. Stark distinctions in resources and capabilities have shaped the reasons why states and societies have decided to fight, and the manner in which they have fought. Across the modern era, mismatches arose in the domains of technology, intelligence production, and law. But in recent decades, so-called weak powers have neutralized many of the typical advantages of strong military states.
Asymmetrical Warfare On The Great Plains: A Review Of The American Indian Wars-1865-1891
by Lieutenant Colonel Lowell Steven YarbroughThe American Indian policy, formulated at the turn of the 19th century, significantly impacted the national military strategy. President Jefferson's plan for Indian removal became the cornerstone for federal policy. Congress would bear the responsibility for crafting the nation's Indian policies, but the burden for execution was left to an unprepared and undermanned Army.From the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the principal mission of the Army was fighting Indians. Returning to the Western frontier the Army attempted to fight the Indians using the tactics that proved successful in the Civil War. The diverse Great Plains tribes, using raids and ambushes, successfully fought a thirty-year war against a superior military force. It would finally take the unorthodox tactics of several field commanders to bring an end to the fighting.This paper examines the national policy and the means used to implement it. The paper examines asymmetrical warfare through its discussion on critical shortcomings in military preparedness and strategy. The past several conflicts that U.S. military forces have participated in (Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan) suggest that the American Indian Wars offer valuable strategic lessons.
Asymmetrical: A Tor Original
by Garth NixA man accidentally summons a shapeshifting demon with anger-management issues…At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.