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Climate Change and Human Migration: An Earth Systems Science Perspective: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Water Science and Technology Board Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Board on Atmospheric Sciences and ClimateEarth systems science aims to discover and integrate knowledge on the structure, nature, and scales of interactions among natural (e.g., physical, chemical, and biological) and social (e.g., cultural, socioeconomic, and geopolitical) processes. Climate-related migration can be temporary or permanent, can involve internal displacement within countries or crossing international borders, and can involve a broad array of other direct and indirect drivers. To explore how an Earth systems science approach may be used to address climate change impacts and the consequent influence on human migration, the National Academies hosted a workshop, Climate Change and Human Migration: An Earth Systems Science Perspective, on March 18-19, 2024. Workshop presentations focused on the data, methods, and research strategies relevant to understanding climate-related migration. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Advancing Risk Communication with Decision-Makers for Extreme Tropical Cyclones and Other Atypical Climate Events: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Environmental Change and Society Board on Atmospheric Sciences and ClimateAtypical weather events, such as extreme tropical cyclones, pose substantial threats to life, property and livelihoods in the U.S. and worldwide. Despite major advances in forecasting capabilities, communicating about extreme weather events with decision-makers and the public carries considerable challenges but also provides opportunities for innovation. Decisions surrounding extreme weather events often involve making tradeoffs between different degrees and varieties of risks. For example, deciding whether or when to issue an evacuation order ahead of a tropical cyclone entails tradeoffs between the risks to lives posed by the event and the risks to livelihoods posed by the financial costs of evacuations or relocations. In early 2024, the National Academies held a workshop on risk communication around extreme tropical cyclones and other atypical climate events. Participants aimed to identify opportunities and challenges for risk communication as well as lessons about community engagement and communication concerning other climate events. Over the course of the workshop, participants addressed various facets of risk communication, including the importance and difficulty of clearly communicating uncertainty to the general public; the importance of understanding the needs of various audiences in the context of effective communication; preparedness as a critical component of an effective response; and the often-profound ways that strong partnerships and relationships across sectors and offices can impact and improve risk communication.
On Leading a Lab: Strengthening Scientific Leadership in Responsible Research: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs U.S. Science and Innovation Policy Strategic Council for Research Excellence, Integrity, and Trust Planning Committee On Leading a Lab: Strengthening Scientific Leadership in Responsible Research—A WorkshopResearch leaders overseeing laboratories, centers, and collaborations have an opportunity to build and promote a culture of research excellence, integrity, and trust. At the same time, the conduct of science becomes more complex, societal demands become more explicit, and the challenges facing these leaders are myriad. Beyond the complexities of overseeing and executing innovative science, they must navigate an expanding set of roles, responsibilities, and expectations, including managing the evolving landscape of research integrity, data management, open science, mentorship, and technology. To explore the range of roles and evolving responsibilities taken on by research leaders, especially those who lead cross-disciplinary and/or multi-institutional teams, the National Academies’ Strategic Council for Research Excellence, Integrity, and Trust convened a workshop on December 4-5, 2023. Presentations and discussion of the workshop focused on scientific leadership to examine available responsible conduct of research (RCR) resources and the broad span of roles for research leaders, especially those who direct laboratories, centers, departments, or collaborations. Participants also explored the evolving needs of research leaders in a changing societal landscape, especially in terms of their roles in upholding RCR, navigating new oversight frameworks, and training the next generation of scientists. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Statistical and Data-Driven Methods for Additive Manufacturing Qualification: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Materials and Manufacturing Board Board on Mathematical Sciences and AnalyticsAdditive manufacturing (AM), the process in which a three-dimensional (3D) object is built by adding subsequent layers of materials, enables novel material compositions and shapes, often without the need for specialized tooling. On March 11-13, 2024, the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics of the National Academies held a workshop on Statistical and Data-Driven Methods for Additive Manufacturing. The workshop brought together researchers from different AM communities, statisticians, data scientists, and AI/machine learning (ML) experts to examine approaches that enhance dimensional accuracy and dimensional stability; recent advances and future directions in statistics, data analytics, AI, and ML; and the issues associated with a rapid advance of AM material qualification and part certification.
Medications and Obesity: Exploring the Landscape and Advancing Comprehensive Care: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Food and Nutrition Board Roundtable on Obesity SolutionsThe National Academies Roundtable on Obesity Solutions hosted a public workshop in March 2024 to explore the current understanding of pharmacotherapy for overweight or obesity, the effects of medications intended for obesity and obesity-related comorbidities, and how complementary treatment options (such as nutrition and behavioral interventions) advance obesity care in conjunction with medication use. Speakers took care to highlight lived experiences, existing weight bias and stigma, and implications of pharmacotherapy on health policy, economics, access, clinical practice, and public health.
From Lucid Stead: Prints and Works by Phillip K. Smith III
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom March 18 through September 13, 2019, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition From Lucid Stead: Prints and Works by Phillip K. Smith III. This catalog documents the exhibition which featured photographs (Focused Views), prints (Chromatic Variants), and a sculpture (Lucid Stead Elements) by California-based light artist Phillip K. Smith, III. Shown in this exhibition for the first time together, the works are inspired by Lucid Stead, Smith?s 2013 installation in Joshua Tree, California, where he transformed an existing homesteader shack into a mirrored structure that, by day, reflected the desert surroundings and, by night, shifted into a color changing projected light installation. Smith creates large-scale temporary installations drawing on concepts of space, form, light, shadow, environment, and change. His practice is informed by his architecture training at Rhode Island School of Design, Providence. Producing extraordinary and communal encounters via installations that explore the transitory nature of light, Smith fosters inexpressibly human, immaterial, and unifying experiences that elude language and defy form, but can be undeniably felt. Through his pacing of color, reflection, and use of the environment as material, Smith encourages us to slow down and observe our surroundings in new ways. This catalog includes an essay by William L. Fox, director, Center for Art + Environment at the Nevada Museum of Art in Reno.
Force Majeure: Wildfire and Wheat: Work by Adrien Segal
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom February 18 through July 15, 2020, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Force Majeure: Wildfire and Wheat featuring artwork by artist Adrien Segal. This catalog documents the exhibition which featured Segal’s Wildfire Progression and Wheat Mandala series. The term force majeure translates to “superior force.” It also refers to a common clause used in contract law to account for extraordinary events such as a natural disaster, an “Act of God,” or any other unforeseeable circumstance that is a result of the elements of nature, as opposed to one caused by human activities such as war. In the 21st century, natural systems have been so drastically affected by human activity that wildfires, floods, and many other extraordinary events, previously identified as natural disasters, can no longer be so neatly categorized. With this exhibition, Segal explores the connections and blurring distinctions between the natural and human-caused forces that are changing global ecosystems. Based in Oakland, California, Segal works across disciplines and media, drawing upon history, narrative, emotion, and perception. Her artwork synthesizes information from scientific research attempting to bridge the deep disconnect between scientific rationality and the emotional nature of human experience. This catalog includes an essay by Juliana Biondo, Assistant Curator, World Bank Group Art Program.
Aguahoja: Hexes: The Mediated Matter Group, MIT Media Lab
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom March 1 through July 31, 2018, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Aguahoja: Hexes by Neri Oxman and The Mediated Matter Group, MIT Media Lab. This catalog documents the exhibition. Nature made us half water. With water, the biological world facilitates the customization of an organism’s physical and chemical properties—through growth and degradation—as a function of genes and environmental constraints. Designed goods, however—including garments, products, and buildings—contain little or none of the fluid that gives life. More than 300 million tons of plastic are produced globally each year, leaving harmful imprints on the environment: our seas, our trees, our bodies. Less than 10% of this material is recycled, and the rest becomes waste, dumped into landfills and oceans, where they leach out toxic chemicals and take thousands of years to degrade. Oxman and The Mediated Matter Group at MIT Media Lab aim to subvert this cycle. Their Aguahoja series features structures that are digitally designed and robotically fabricated out of the most abundant materials on our planet—the very materials found in trees, crustaceans, and apples. Cellulose, chitosan, and pectin are parametrically compounded, functionally graded, and digitally fabricated to create biodegradable composites with functional, mechanical, chemical, and optical gradients across length scales ranging from millimeters to meters. The structures are designed as if they were grown; no assembly is required. This exhibition featured four structures from the series.
Julia Pollack: Collaborative Ecologies
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom November 6, 2023, through June 7, 2024, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Julia Pollack: Collaborative Ecologies. This catalog documents the exhibition which featured bodies of work focused on honeybee colonies and microbial communities. Pollack, a curator, and creator at the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, makes art based on her conversations and collaborations with scientists and staff. When she engages in dialogues with researchers at IGB, she immerses herself in their work and then uses that information along with related imagery to build concepts for her artistic interpretations. Pollack's work highlights the power and aesthetics of science imagery while revealing the hidden labor of research and knowledge production. The work in this exhibition is part of the IGB’s Art of Science program, currently in its fourteenth year. It celebrates common ground between science and art and is representative of IGB’s mission to bring science to the community. This catalog includes an essay by Ananya Sen, Science Writer at IGB.
Ground Truth: Corona Landmarks
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom September 24, 2018, through February 22, 2019, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Ground Truth: Corona Landmarks featuring work by Julie Anand and Damon Sauer. In their photographs of what remains of the Corona project, Anand and Sauer investigate our relationship to the vast networks of information that encircle the globe. The Corona project was a CIA and US Air Force surveillance initiative that began in the 1960s and ended in 1972. It involved using cameras on satellites to take aerial photographs of the Soviet Union and China. The cameras were calibrated with concrete targets on the ground that are 60 feet in diameter, which provided a reference for scale and ensured images were in focus. Approximately 273 of these concrete targets were placed on a 16-square-mile grid in the Arizona desert, spaced a mile apart. Long after Corona’s end and its declassification in 1995, around 180 targets remain, and Anand and Sauer have spent several years photographing them as part of an ongoing project. In their images, each concrete target is overpowered by an expansive sky, onto which the artists map the paths of orbiting satellites present when the photograph was taken. This catalog includes an essay by Ivan Amato.
Terrain: Speaking of Home: Artwork by Joe Feddersen
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom May 20 through September 23, 2022, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Terrain: Speaking of Home featuring work by Native American artist Joe Feddersen (Okanagan and Arrow Lakes). Feddersen’s work explores Indigenous landscapes and icons and the complex relationship between contemporary and Native symbolism. He incorporates minimalist geometric patterns that reflect the landscape and his heritage. He works in a range of media including painting, printmaking, photography, collage, and glass. This catalog includes an essay by independent journalist Brandon Keim.
R. Luke DuBois: Love in the Time of Data
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom March 7 through August 15, 2018, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition R. Luke DuBois: Love in the Time of Data. Curated by Anne Collins Goodyear, the exhibition was organized in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the landmark exhibition, Cybernetic Serendipity. Like many contemporary artists, DuBois' work resists easy categorization, encompassing filmmaking, printmaking, collaborative performance, computer programming, and data mining. Keenly aware of our relationship to the numerous streams of data that surround us, DuBois seeks to explore how we make sense of it, and how, in the process, we make sense of ourselves. The elegant pair of works brought together in this exhibition, A More Perfect Union and Fashionably Late to the Relationship, seek to explore strategies for connecting in a world that asks us to tailor our behaviors to accommodate new technologies, and in which personal subjectivity defies and escapes the regimented categories we may seek to impose upon it.
Process, Chance, and Serendipity: Art that Makes Itself
by Cultural Programs of the National Academy of SciencesFrom February 20 through July 15, 2018, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Process, Chance, and Serendipity: Art that Makes Itself featuring work by artist Paul Brown. Brown discovered digital computers as a creative medium after seeing the landmark exhibition, Cybernetic Serendipity, at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London in 1968. He has specialized in art, science, and technology since the late 1960s and in computational and generative art since the mid-1970s. This exhibition was a 50-year retrospective of Brown’s work in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the landmark exhibition, Cybernetic Serendipity. Brown designs computer programs–sets of instructions–and when they execute, the ongoing process exhibits emergent properties, which comprise the artworks. He emphasizes that the art is not embedded in the programs by intention but instead emerges autonomously from the execution of the programs. Together with his son Daniel, an artist, they have described this methodology as “art that makes itself.”
Selecting, Procuring, and Implementing Airport Capital Project Delivery Methods
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Hka Global Inc.Historically, airport capital construction projects entailed the almost exclusive use of the design—bid—build (DBB) delivery method involving the separation of design and construction services and the sequential performance of design and construction. However, over the past two decades, airports have increasingly been turning to alternative project delivery methods to improve the speed and efficiency of the project delivery process. ACRP Research Report 267: Selecting, Procuring, and Implementing Airport Capital Project Delivery Methods, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, is designed to tailor delivery strategies that include a thorough understanding of the unique advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches available and the typical conditions under which they have been effectively applied.
Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations: New Analysis and Strategies, Second Edition
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program InterVISTAS ConsultingAirport access and circulation roadways, curbside roadways, and service roads are used by a wide variety of vehicles. The operating characteristics of airport terminal area roadways differ from those of non-airport roadways because of the high proportion of motorists who are unfamiliar with the airport as well as the presence of many professional drivers who use the airport frequently. ACRP Research Report 266: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations: New Analysis and Strategies, Second Edition, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, is an update of ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations. It presents guidelines for estimating airport roadway requirements and capacities, recommended performance measures, valid and useful analytical methods, and innovative strategies to reduce traffic demands and mitigate congestion on terminal area and curbside roadway operations.
Intermodal Passenger Facility Planning and Decision-Making for Seamless Travel
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program Airport Cooperative Research Program Transit Cooperative Research Program Sallye Perrin Aaron Organ Louis Alcorn Joe Iacobucci Bree Mobley Amanda Howell Nico Larco William L. SchwartzThe intermodal travel experience has changed significantly over the past two decades and continues to evolve. The broad adoption of digital technologies has altered how customers plan, book, and pay for travel and navigate spaces. Those that plan, build, and manage intermodal passenger facilities?such as airports, transit centers, rail and bus stations, and ferry and cruise terminals?must consider recent trends and emerging technologies and the impact on the travel experience. TCRP Research Report 250/ACRP Research Report 275/NCHRP Research Report 1129: Intermodal Passenger Facility Planning and Decision-Making for Seamless Travel, from TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program, Airport Cooperative Research Program, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program, describes the state of the practice, emerging lessons, and recommended practices for how intermodal passenger facilities can meet the needs of diverse users in the 21st century as new technologies emerge. The report emphasizes support for seamless travel, considering how different people experience intermodal passenger facilities.
Rethinking the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for the 21st Century: A Letter Report
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Food and Nutrition Board Standing Committee for the Review of the Dietary Reference Intake FrameworkThe Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are integral to dietary recommendations across federal food and nutrition programs and serve as a resource for developing food and nutrition policies and regulations as well as development of national dietary guidelines. A component of the DRIs is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). AMDRs are reference values for energy intakes from carbohydrate, fat, and protein that were established in the mid-1990s to provide health professionals with guidance on dietary intake recommendations for energy-containing macronutrients associated with micronutrient intake adequacy and decreased risk of chronic disease. This letter report considers whether the AMDR is needed within the expanded DRI framework that includes chronic disease risk reduction considerations.
Quantifying the Impacts of Delayed Maintenance of Airport Assets: A Guide
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Ghada G. Gad Dawn S. Ward William Robert Williams Brian Aho Scott Murrell Pramen P. ShresthaPreventive maintenance is crucial to help improve and extend the life cycle of airport facilities, systems, and components. An asset management plan implements preventive maintenance and allows an asset to reach its maximum life cycle or service life without a reactive approach. ACRP Research Report 273: Quantifying the Impacts of Delayed Maintenance of Airport Assets: A Guide, from TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides a framework, process, and tools designed to help airports manage their budgets and assets by quantifying the impact of delayed preventive maintenance.
Regulatory Processes for Rare Disease Drugs in the United States and European Union: Flexibilities and Collaborative Opportunities
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Committee on Processes to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Drugs for Rare Diseases or Conditions in the United States and the European UnionRare diseases, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, affect up to 30 million people in the United States and at least 300 million across the globe. Congress called on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to sponsor a National Academies study on processes for evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs for rare diseases or conditions in the United States and the European Union. The resulting report provides recommendations for enhancing and promoting rare disease drug development by improving engagement with people affected by a rare disease, advancing regulatory science, and fostering collaboration between FDA and the European Medicines Agency.
Envisioning the Future of U.S. Airports
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Steven W. Popper Loup-Giang Nguyen Zara Abdurahaman Richard E. Barone Gaël Le Bris Benjamin M. Miller Liisa EcolaOver the next several decades, airports must confront diverse challenges that span factors such as operations, environmental sustainability, and integration with broader intercity and local transportation networks. Furthermore, airports must confront these challenges within the context of their local communities; airports are expected to be economic engines, good neighbors, and resilient in response to natural or man-made disasters. ACRP Research Report 271: Envisioning the Future of U.S. Airports, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is based on a visioning exercise conducted with a wide variety of airport stakeholders and identifies potential future outcomes and the issues and challenges that will need to be addressed to achieve the desired future.
Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Life Sciences Committee on Biotechnology Capabilities for National Security Needs—Leveraging Advances in Transdisciplinary BiotechnologyAt the request of the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology, Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation provides an overview of the current landscape of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML)-enabled biotechnology, the opportunities it presents, and the challenges it poses. This report offers a strategic vision for connecting scientists and technologists to build on, leverage, and tailor advances at the intersection of AI/ML, automated experimentation, and biotechnology to drive innovation in defense-related biotechnologies. Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation makes recommendations to address long-standing challenges that have limited research, development, prototyping, testing and evaluation, and eventual use of biotechnologies. Addressing these challenges will help to advance U.S. national security and defense by improving the performance of existing capabilities, enabling the creation of domestic supply chains of valuable products, reducing reliance on processes and chemicals that are harmful to the environment, and/or adding new capabilities not currently possible with established technologies.
Social-Ecological Consequences of Future Wildfires and Smoke in the West: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Board on Environmental Change and SocietyOver the past two decades, wildfires in western North America have greatly increased in frequency, magnitude and severity. Scientists have documented three main causes – a century of suppression and inadequate forest management that has led to overly dense, fuel-rich forests; climate change, turning woodlands and grasslands into hot, dry tinder boxes; and the spread of urbanization, increasing the probability of man-made ignitions. Less well known are the environmental and social implications associated with the acceleration of these trends. To explore these concerns and to identify possible policy responses, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Board on Environmental Change and Society, in partnership with the Royal Society of Canada, convened a workshop in June 2024, “The Social and Ecological Consequences of Future Wildfire in the West”. Over two days, two dozen wildfire experts and a hybrid audience of over 200 participants explored the history, current state, and anticipated future of wildfire science and policy across the western United States and Canada. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
National Science, Technology, and Security Roundtable Capstone: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs National Science, Technology, and Security RoundtableThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s National Science, Technology, and Security Roundtable (NSTSR) was called for in the Fiscal Year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act to bring together individuals from federal research agencies, intelligence, law enforcement, academic research, and business communities to explore critical issues related to protecting U.S. national and economic security while ensuring the open exchange of ideas and the international talent required for American leadership in science and technology. Since the first meeting of the NSTSR in 2020, there have been numerous discussions around the topic of research security among policymakers and affected communities, and the policy landscape has continued to evolve. The NSTSR played a role in these discussions, and to capture what was learned and explore potential future directions, a Capstone Workshop was held on July 16 and 17, 2024. Discussions over the 2 days of the workshop included observations by participants about the nature of the challenge of research security in the United States, reflections on actions that the United States has taken on research security to date, and possible future directions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Optimizing Recruitment and Admissions Strategies in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Global Health Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional EducationThe National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education hosted a hybrid public workshop in March 2024 to consider the use of admissions strategies for ensuring a sustainable, high-quality workforce that is adequately staffed, reflects the population being served, and is equitably distributed. Speakers explored the evidence supporting present and potential admissions processes and which metrics best track students’ professional outcomes after admissions.
Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A Primer
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Airport Cooperative Research Program Rs H Cascadia Consulting Group Gresham Smith IcfAirport operators prepare greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories to better understand their emissions profile, set more informed goals, monitor performance, and communicate their progress toward meeting environmental goals to key stakeholders. ACRP Web-Only Document 63: Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A Primer, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is an update to ACRP Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and provides recommended practices for airport operators to account for and manage airport GHG emissions. While all airports can use Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A Primer, it will be particularly helpful for operators of small to mid-size airports.