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Atlantic Salmon Ecology
by Øystein Aas Sigurd Einum Anders Klemetsen Jostein SkurdalThe Atlantic salmon is one of the most prized and exploited species worldwide, being at the centre of a massive sports fishing industry and increasingly as the major farmed species in many countries worldwide. Atlantic Salmon Ecology is a landmark publication, both scientifically important and visually attractive. Comprehensively covering all major aspects of the relationship of the Atlantic salmon with its environment, chapters include details of migration and dispersal, reproduction, habitat requirements, feeding, growth rates, competition, predation, parasitsm, population dynamics, effects of landscape use, hydro power development, climate change, and exploitation. The book closes with a summary and look at possible future research directions. Backed by the Norwegian Research Council and with editors and contributors widely known and respected, Atlantic Salmon Ecology is an essential purchase for all those working with this species, including fisheries scientists and managers, fish biologists, ecologists, physiologists, environmental biologists and aquatic scientists, fish and wildlife department personnel and regulatory bodies. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies of this important publication. Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of Atlantic Salmon Atlantic Salmon is one of the world's most commercially important species Backed by the Norwegian Research Council Experienced editor and internationally respected contributors
Tourism as a Resource-based Industry: Based on the Work of Sondre Svalastog
by Øystein Aas Brian McNeil Lars Aronsson Sjur Baardsen Børge Dahle Marko Košcak Stian Stensland Sondre Svalastog Anthony TravisTourism as a Resource-based Industry presents the conceptual framework of the Norwegian economic geographer Sondre Svalastog and functions as a practical tool for analyzing and identifying resources when working towards a more sustainable tourism industry. Tourism resources and their sustainability are analysed through the lens of a multidisciplinary approach which includes social, economic, cultural and natural dimensions. Contextual awareness is achieved by combining research-based knowledge with local know-how and information on local conditions. The book facilitates a way forward that examines both productivity and sustainability. The usefulness and value of Svalastog's conceptual work is demonstrated by a selection of new case studies by experts in the field, from different countries including Sweden, Norway, Slovenia, and the UK. This book: - Identifies local conditions and resources, climate change concerns, different types of tourists and a variety of challenges in high-cost and low-cost countries. - Considers how best to maximise potential and production, ensuring that both the host community and tourist benefits. - Provides a wide-ranging selection of case studies covering topics such as urban heritage, national parks, niche tourism and location-specific tourism products. - Presents ideas on how to secure sound planning within the industry, using conceptual and methodological tools. Tourism researchers and students will find this book helpful for understanding the development of tourism and how it can contribute to the UN Agenda 2030 which reflects the urgency for change, to secure cultural and natural resources, health and social resilience, and the stability of a socially constructed economy. Thus, tourism research needs to include a constant review and if required, renewal of processes that manage how society, culture and natural resources are used to achieve a balanced sustainable tourism process.
Maritime-Port Technology and Development
by Sören Ehlers Tor Einar Berg Bjørn Egil Asbjørnslett Ørnulf Jan RødsethMaritime-Port Technology and Development contains the latest research results and innovations as presented at the 2014 International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference (Trondheim, Norway, 27- 29 October 2014). The volume is divided into a wide range of topics: Efficient and environmentally friendly energy use in ships and port
The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies
by Ørnulf GulbrandsenBotswana has been portrayed as a major case of exception in Africa—as an oasis of peace and harmony with an enduring parliamentary democracy, blessed with remarkable diamond-driven economic growth. Whereas the “failure” of other states on the continent is often attributed to the prevalence of indigenous political ideas and structures, the author argues that Botswana’s apparent success is not the result of Western ideas and practices of government having replaced indigenous ideas and structures. Rather, the postcolonial state of Botswana is best understood as a unique, complex formation, one that arose dialectically through the meeting of European ideas and practices with the symbolism and hierarchies of authority, rooted in the cosmologies of indigenous polities, and both have become integral to the formation of a strong state with a stable government. Yet there are destabilizing potentialities in progress due to emerging class conflict between all the poor sections of the population and the privileged modern elites born of the expansion of a beef and diamond-driven political economy, in addition to conflicts between dominant Tswana and vast other ethnic groups. These transformations of the modern state are viewed from the long-term perspectives of precolonial and colonial genealogies and the rise of structures of domination, propelled by changing global forces.
Handbook of Statistical Methods for Case-Control Studies (Chapman & Hall/CRC Handbooks of Modern Statistical Methods)
by Nilanjan Chatterjee Mitchell H. Gail Ørnulf Borgan Norman Breslow Alastair Scott Chris J. WildHandbook of Statistical Methods for Case-Control Studies is written by leading researchers in the field. It provides an in-depth treatment of up-to-date and currently developing statistical methods for the design and analysis of case-control studies, as well as a review of classical principles and methods. The handbook is designed to serve as a reference text for biostatisticians and quantitatively-oriented epidemiologists who are working on the design and analysis of case-control studies or on related statistical methods research. Though not specifically intended as a textbook, it may also be used as a backup reference text for graduate level courses. Book Sections Classical designs and causal inference, measurement error, power, and small-sample inference Designs that use full-cohort information Time-to-event data Genetic epidemiology About the Editors Ørnulf Borgan is Professor of Statistics, University of Oslo. His book with Andersen, Gill and Keiding on counting processes in survival analysis is a world classic. Norman E. Breslow was, at the time of his death, Professor Emeritus in Biostatistics, University of Washington. For decades, his book with Nick Day has been the authoritative text on case-control methodology. Nilanjan Chatterjee is Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins University. He leads a broad research program in statistical methods for modern large scale biomedical studies. Mitchell H. Gail is a Senior Investigator at the National Cancer Institute. His research includes modeling absolute risk of disease, intervention trials, and statistical methods for epidemiology. Alastair Scott was, at the time of his death, Professor Emeritus of Statistics, University of Auckland. He was a major contributor to using survey sampling methods for analyzing case-control data. Chris J. Wild is Professor of Statistics, University of Auckland. His research includes nonlinear regression and methods for fitting models to response-selective data.
Administration, Ethics and Democracy
by Øjvind LarsenThis title was first published in 2000: Administration, Ethics and Democracy is concerned with the disciplines of philosophy, political science and sociology. Øjvind Larsen's book provides a deeper analysis of the relations between administration, ethics and democracy. In modern society, it is no longer sufficient to be the obedient administrator Max Weber speaks about. The time is ripe to re-evaluate the overriding responsibilities of the administration. Today, responsible administration demands an independent position to be taken. Øjvind Larsen views the administration from the continuous complex demands it is required to meet and proposes that the professional role is not exempt from personal responsibility or position. Therefore it is crucial that the administrator has freedom of expression and the opportunity to discuss his problems with others. Ethics are a common concern and also a political problem in democratic society. This is why there is a close connection between administration, ethics and democracy.
Philosophy of Music Education Challenged: Heideggerian Inspirations
by Frederik Pio Øivind VarkøyThis volume offers key insights into the crisis of legitimization that music as a subject of arts education seems to be in. Music as an educational subject is under intense pressure, both economically, due to the reduction of education budgets, as well as due to a loss of status with policy makers. The contributions in this book illuminate Martin Heidegger's thinking as a highly cogent theoretical framework for understanding the nature and depth of this crisis. The contributors explore from various angles the relationship between the pressure on music education and the foundations of our technical and rationalized modern society and lead the way on the indispensable first steps towards reconnecting the cultural practices of education with music and its valuable contributions to personal development.
Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves
by Aad C. Smaal Joao G. Ferreira Jon Grant Jens K. Petersen Øivind StrandThe aim of this book is to review and analyse the goods and services of bivalve shellfish. How they are defined, what determines the ecological functions that are the basis for the goods and services, what controversies in the use of goods and services exist, and what is needed for sustainable exploitation of bivalves from the perspective of the various stakeholders. The book is focused on the goods and services, and not on impacts of shellfish aquaculture on the benthic environment, or on threats like biotoxins; neither is it a shellfish culture handbook although it can be used in evaluating shellfish culture. The reviews and analysis are based on case studies that exemplify the concept, and show the strengths and weaknesses of the current applications. The multi-authored reviews cover ecological, economic and social aspects of bivalve goods and services. The book provides new insights for scientists, students, shellfish producers, policy advisors, nature conservationists and decision makers. This book is open access under the CC BY license.
Negotiating Memory from the Romans to the Twenty-First Century: Damnatio Memoriae (Routledge Studies in Cultural History)
by Øivind FuglerudManipulation of the past and forced erasure of memories have been global phenomena throughout history, spanning a varied repertoire from the destruction or alteration of architecture, sites, and images, to the banning or imposing of old and new practices. The present volume addresses these questions comparatively across time and geography, and combines a material approach to the study of memory with cross-disciplinary empirical explorations of historical and contemporary cases. This approach positions the volume as a reference-point within several fields of humanities and social sciences. The collection brings together scholars from different fields within humanities and social science to engage with memorialization and damnatio memoriae across disciplines, using examples from their own research. The broad chronological and comparative scope makes the volume relevant for researchers and students of several historical periods and geographic regions.
Relative Chronology in Early Greek Epic Poetry
by Øivind Andersen Dag T. HaugThis book sets out to disentangle the complex chronology of early Greek epic poetry, which includes Homer, Hesiod, hymns and catalogues. The preserved corpus of these texts is characterised by a rather uniform language and many recurring themes, thus making the establishment of chronological priorities a difficult task. The editors have brought together scholars working on these texts from both a linguistic and a literary perspective to address the problem. Some contributions offer statistical analysis of the linguistic material or linguistic analysis of subgenres within epic, others use a neoanalytical approach to the history of epic themes or otherwise seek to track the development and interrelationship of epic contents. All the contributors focus on the implications of their study for the dating of early epic poems relative to each other. Thus the book offers an overview of the current state of discussion.
Relative Chronology in Early Greek Epic Poetry
by Øivind Andersen Dag T. T. HaugThis book sets out to disentangle the complex chronology of early Greek epic poetry, which includes Homer, Hesiod, hymns and catalogues. The preserved corpus of these texts is characterised by a rather uniform language and many recurring themes, thus making the establishment of chronological priorities a difficult task. The editors have brought together scholars working on these texts from both a linguistic and a literary perspective to address the problem. Some contributions offer statistical analysis of the linguistic material or linguistic analysis of subgenres within epic, others use a neoanalytical approach to the history of epic themes or otherwise seek to track the development and interrelationship of epic contents. All the contributors focus on the implications of their study for the dating of early epic poems relative to each other. Thus the book offers an overview of the current state of discussion.
Moral Reasoning at Work: Rethinking Ethics In Organizations
by Ø. KvalnesThis book is open access under CC-BY license. Moral dilemmas are a pervasive feature of working life. Moral Reasoning at Work offers a fresh perspective on how to live with them using ethics and moral psychology research. It argues that decision-makers must go beyond compliance and traditional approaches to ethics to prepare for moral dilemmas.
Dialogic Editing in Academic and Professional Writing: Engaging the Trace of the Other (Routledge Research in Writing Studies)
by Özüm Üçok-Sayrak Janie Harden Fritz Kristen Lynn MajochaThis book brings attention to the communicative process of editing as a dialogic experience that is attentive to the voice of the Other, and underlines an ethical turn for the editing process. The volume focuses on an essential, yet undertheorized, aspect of the communicative practice of editing by reading and receiving the voice of the Other and offering feedback towards assisting the text to find a voice without turning it to the voice of the editor. Utilizing the theoretical and philosophical frameworks of a diverse group of leading scholars and philosophers, contributors to this volume explore the editing process as connected to communication ethics that calls for a discernment of what matters. With its philosophical underpinnings, this book will especially be of interest to researchers and students in multiple disciplines in humanities and the social sciences including communication studies, dialogue studies, philosophy, literature, composition studies, education, history, anthropology, psychology, sociology, religious studies, and political science.
Achieving Resilience in Service Supply Chains: The Role of Procurement (Palgrave Studies in Logistics and Supply Chain Management)
by Carla Pereira Öznur YurtIn today’s increasingly service-oriented global economy, the activities and transactions within and between supply chain members in the service sector have experienced substantial growth. This book addresses the unique challenges faced by service businesses and emphasizing the importance of service supply chain management decisions on competitiveness and performance.By adopting a service supply chain perspective, this book offers valuable insights for defining, designing, and effectively managing service procurement processes for all stakeholders involved, such as service suppliers, service providers, and customers. This inclusive viewpoint ensures a holistic understanding of the entire service supply chain, considering the interconnected relationships and dependencies among its members. By combining scholarly insights, practical examples and guidelines, it will be of great interest to students and academics of supply chain management and procurement, as well as service supply chain managers looking for advanced strategies.
Advances in Electric Aviation: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electric Aircraft and Autonomous Systems 2021 (Sustainable Aviation)
by T. Hikmet Karakoc Ravi Rajamani Alper Dalkiran Ali Haydar Ercan Öznur Usanmaz Hakan OktalThe International Symposium on Electric Aviation and Autonomous Systems (ISEAS) is a multi-disciplinary symposium that presents research on current issues in aerospace. The conference provides a platform offering insights on a broad range of current issues in the field of aviation, including electrification of aerial vehicles, all-electric aircraft, electric generation, and energy storage in aerial vehicles. ISEAS allows researchers, scientists, engineers, practitioners, policymakers, and students to exchange information, present new technologies and developments, and discuss future direction, strategies, and priorities in aviation and environmental sustainability of next-generation aircraft.
Alternatives to Imprisonment in England and Wales, Germany and Turkey: A Comparative Study
by Öznur SevdirenThe book focuses on one of the most problematic areas of Turkish penal justice: the overreliance on custodial measures and a corresponding growth in the prison population, and compares Turkey with two major European countries in this respect: England and Wales and Germany. The underlying question throughout the study is the extent to which prison alternatives can be seen as genuine alternatives to immediate custodial sentences.
MATLAB-based Finite Element Programming in Electromagnetic Modeling
by Özlem Özgün Mustafa KuzuoğluThis book is a self-contained, programming-oriented and learner-centered book on finite element method (FEM), with special emphasis given to developing MATLAB® programs for numerical modeling of electromagnetic boundary value problems. It provides a deep understanding and intuition of FEM programming by means of step-by-step MATLAB® programs with detailed descriptions, and eventually enabling the readers to modify, adapt and apply the provided programs and formulations to develop FEM codes for similar problems through various exercises. It starts with simple one-dimensional static and time-harmonic problems and extends the developed theory to more complex two- or three-dimensional problems. It supplies sufficient theoretical background on the topic, and it thoroughly covers all phases (pre-processing, main body and post-processing) in FEM. FEM formulations are obtained for boundary value problems governed by a partial differential equation that is expressed in terms of a generic unknown function, and then, these formulations are specialized to various electromagnetic applications together with a post-processing phase. Since the method is mostly described in a general context, readers from other disciplines can also use this book and easily adapt the provided codes to their engineering problems. After forming a solid background on the fundamentals of FEM by means of canonical problems, readers are guided to more advanced applications of FEM in electromagnetics through a survey chapter at the end of the book. Offers a self-contained and easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and programming of finite element method. Covers various applications in the field of static and time-harmonic electromagnetics. Includes one-, two- and three-dimensional finite element codes in MATLAB®. Enables readers to develop finite element programming skills through various MATLAB® codes and exercises. Promotes self-directed learning skills and provides an effective instruction tool.
ECML PKDD 2020 Workshops: Workshops of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD 2020): SoGood 2020, PDFL 2020, MLCS 2020, NFMCP 2020, DINA 2020, EDML 2020, XKDD 2020 and INRA 2020, Ghent, Belgium, September 14–18, 2020, Proceedings (Communications in Computer and Information Science #1323)
by Peter Christen Annalisa Appice Donato Malerba Michelangelo Ceci Corrado Loglisci Giuseppe Manco Elio Masciari Zbigniew W. Ras Erich Schubert João Gama Riccardo Guidotti Anna Monreale Pedro M. Ferreira Ricard Gavaldà Michael Kamp Yamuna Krishnamurthy Rita P. Ribeiro Albrecht Zimmermann Jon Atle Gulla Arthur Zimek Przemyslaw Biecek Irena Koprinska Luiza Antonie Özlem Özgöbek Linara Adilova Ibéria Medeiros Eirini Ntoutsi Salvatore Rinzivillo Benjamin Kille Andreas LommatzschThis volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the workshops which complemented the 20th Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, ECML PKDD, held in September 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference and workshops were held online. The 43 papers presented in volume were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The volume presents the papers that have been accepted for the following workshops: 5th Workshop on Data Science for Social Good, SoGood 2020; Workshop on Parallel, Distributed and Federated Learning, PDFL 2020; Second Workshop on Machine Learning for Cybersecurity, MLCS 2020, 9th International Workshop on New Frontiers in Mining Complex Patterns, NFMCP 2020, Workshop on Data Integration and Applications, DINA 2020, Second Workshop on Evaluation and Experimental Design in Data Mining and Machine Learning, EDML 2020, Second International Workshop on eXplainable Knowledge Discovery in Data Mining, XKDD 2020; 8th International Workshop on News Recommendation and Analytics, INRA 2020. The papers from INRA 2020 are published open access and licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Religion - Kinder- und Jugendhilfe - Vielfalt: Auf dem Weg zu einer religionssensiblen Fachlichkeit (Soziale Arbeit als Wohlfahrtsproduktion #31)
by Karin Böllert Wolfgang Schröer Inga Selent Cynthia Kohring Özlem Özdemir-Şimşek Josefine FrankeDieses Open-Access-Buch rückt die Bedeutung von Religion(en) für die Praxis und die Theorie der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe in den Mittelpunkt und fragt danach, was eine religionssensible Fachlichkeit in der Sozialen Arbeit sein kann. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Positionen der jungen Menschen selbst gelegt. Zudem werden die empirischen Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts VielfaltNRW dargestellt und das Verhältnis von Religion und Sozialer Arbeit aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven diskutiert.
The Competitive Advantage of Nations: Assessing Porter's Framework for National Advantage (Routledge Revivals)
by Özlem ÖzFirst published in 1999, this volume applies Professor Michael Porter’s diamond framework (1990) to the Turkish glass, construction, leather clothes, automobile and flat steel industries. Özlam Öz aims primarily to contribute towards an improvement of this framework, and thus towards a better understanding of the sources of competitive advantage. Her research presents a new approach to evaluate the competitiveness of the Turkish economy, given that alternative studies usually focus on factors like exchange rates and the cost of labour and raw materials as the determinants of competitive advantage. The author begins her book by providing an evaluation of the diamond framework linked to the debate created by the publication of The Competitive Advantage of Nations. She then identifies the pattern of advantage in Turkey by specifying the internationally competitive industries and clusters. This is followed by a detailed examination of the five Turkish industry case studies - glass, construction, leather clothes, automobile and flat steel industries. The findings are generally supportive of Porter. The results suggest, however, several major areas in the framework - especially domestic rivalry and the role of government - where one or more of the Turkish cases question Porter's hypothesises. The book ends with the implications of the study for the sources of competitive advantage in general and for the Turkish economy in particular. Porter and his diamond framework are both unquestionably influential. Improvements upon it forwarded in this book will be of use to academic readers as well as strategic planners and policy makers.
Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders
by T. Metin Önerci Özlem Önerci CelebiThis fully revised and expanded second edition provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of nasal physiology and pathophysiology. With the help of numerous tables, schematic drawings, and color photographs, it helps readers gain a better understanding of the impact of structural changes and the process of disease development, and to make treatment decisions. Each chapter has been written by a leading expert in the field and addresses one important aspect in an accessible way. Covering all four functions of the nose: respiration, defense, olfaction and cosmesis, the book discusses the various techniques for the clinical evaluation of nasal function as well as current trends and future directions in nasal physiologic research. This second edition also includes additional chapters on rhinomanometry, local nasal inflammation, T cells and B cells, and artificial intelligence for the nose. Given its scope, the book is a valuable resource for both experienced otorhinolaryngologists and novices in the field.
Nasal Polyposis and its Management: Pathogenesis, Medical and Surgical Treatment
by T. Metin Önerci Özlem Önerci CelebiThis fully revised and expanded second edition provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of nasal rhinitis polyposis, a condition that not only decreases patients’ quality of life, but also affects the connections between the upper and lower respiratory tract, making its treatment of critical importance. New research findings, as well as new technical innovations, have changed the conventional medical and surgical approaches to the treatment of nasal polyposis, which has resulted in significant advances in the management of the disease. This reader-friendly and richly illustrated book gathers contributions by authors internationally recognized for their outstanding laboratory research and clinical practice. This second edition includes the latest information, together with new chapters on nasal polyposis endotyping, Asian polyps, epithelial barrier in nasal polyposis, biologics of nasal polyposis, microbiome of nasal polyposis, eosinophil & nasal polyposis, nasal polyposis in children, staphylococcus aureus, superantigens and nasal polyps, and antifungal treatment in chronic sinusitis. It offers comprehensive information to help readers improve the daily management of patients affected by nasal polyposis.
The Shape of Belonging for Unaccompanied Young Migrants (Global Migration and Social Change)
by Özlem Ögtem-YoungUnaccompanied children and adolescents seeking protection in the UK are among the most vulnerable migrant groups, and often find themselves in a hostile policy environment after enduring traumatic journeys. This book offers an in-depth analysis of the lived experiences of belonging, and the politics and policies of migration. Focusing on unaccompanied young migrants, it investigates the conditions and nature of belonging in the face of the uncertainty, ambiguity and violence of the UK asylum system. Drawing on interviews and the Deleuzo-Guattarian concepts of assemblage, the book provides an empirical and theoretical examination of the belonging of unaccompanied young migrants seeking protection in the UK. Through compelling accounts, the author portrays the complex and paradoxical nature of belonging under precarious conditions, shedding light on the tenacity and fragility of belonging for unaccompanied young migrants.
Sebze: Vegetarian Recipes from My Turkish Kitchen
by Özlem WarrenShortlisted for the 2024 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards. “An absolute feast of Turkish home cooking” – Diana Henry“I absolutely love getting lost in this book. Wonderful recipe after wonderful recipe. You are in excellent hands with Özlem as your guide. The text and stories transport you, while simultaneously making you extremely hungry, for food and discovery alike.” – Joe Woodhouse“Sebze is a celebration of some of Turkey’s most celebrated and most loved vegetable recipes and there is nobody better equipped to share them with us than Özlem.” – Sabrina Ghayour'Sebze' translates as vegetables in Turkish and so this cookbook is a collection of 85 vegetarian recipes celebrating Türkiye (Turkey) and its food. Inspired by thousands of years of rich and diverse culinary heritage, Sebze is a recipe collection built with convenience and flavour in mind, championing popular Turkish classics, along with lesser-known regional specialties, such as Gözleme (Stuffed Flatbreads), Çılbır (Turkish Style Poached Eggs with Garlicky Yoghurt), Beetroot with Walnuts and Pomegranate Molasses, Otlu Tava Böreği (Easy, Herby Pan Börek), Nohut Dürümü (Gaziantep’s Spiced Chickpea Wrap) and more. You will be glad to know there are scrumptious sweet treats in Sebze too, from the Turkish classic milk-based Fırın Sütlç to the luscious Pumpkin and Walnut Baklava – Özlem’s take on the much loved classic. A passionate and skilled advocate for her national cuisine, Özlem will show you how to make meals that you want to – and can – cook, making Sebze the perfect introduction to Turkish food for the home cook.
The Vaccine: Inside the Race to Conquer the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Joe Miller Özlem Türeci Ugur SahinWinners of the Paul Ehrlich PrizeThe dramatic story of the married scientists who founded BioNTech and developed the first vaccine against COVID-19.Nobody thought it was possible. In mid-January 2020, Ugur Sahin told Özlem Türeci, his wife and decades-long research partner, that a vaccine against what would soon be known as COVID-19 could be developed and safely injected into the arms of millions before the end of the year. His confidence was built upon almost thirty years of research. While working to revolutionize the way that cancerous tumors are treated, the couple had explored a volatile and overlooked molecule called messenger RNA; they believed it could be harnessed to redirect the immune system's forces against any number of diseases. As the founders of BioNTech, they faced widespread skepticism from the scientific community at first; but by the time Sars-Cov-2 was discovered in Wuhan, China, BioNTech was prepared to deploy cutting edge technology and create the world’s first clinically approved inoculation for the coronavirus.The Vaccine draws back the curtain on one of the most important medical breakthroughs of our age; it will reveal how Doctors Sahin and Türeci were able to develop twenty vaccine candidates within weeks, convince Big Pharma to support their ambitious project, navigate political interference from the Trump administration and the European Union, and provide more than three billion doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine to countries around the world in record time.Written by Joe Miller—the Financial Times’ Frankfurt correspondent who covered BioNTech’s COVID-19 project in real time—with contributions from Sahin and Türeci, as well as interviews with more than sixty scientists, politicians, public health officials, and BioNTech staff, the book covers key events throughout the extraordinary year, as well as exploring the scientific, economic, and personal background of each medical innovation. Crafted to be both completely accessible to the average reader and filled with details that will fascinate seasoned microbiologists, The Vaccine explains the science behind the breakthrough, at a time when public confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy is crucial to bringing an end to this pandemic.