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Insuring Inequality: Administrative Leadership in Social Security, 1935-54
by Jerry R. CatesThe establishment of the Social Security Board in 1935 confronted administrators and policy makers with basic value decisions. Should the system serve to raise the incomes of America's neediest citizens? Or did that aim smack too much of the ideology of redistribution of wealth? Would it rob workers of incentives to provide for their own futures and reward idleness? The conflict of values was played out on a political stage marked by infighting, deception, and short-sighted compromise. The result is the social security system we know today— one that benefits those who need it least, and one that is in a perpetual state of financial difficulty. Insuring Inequality is a penetrating analysis and indictment of that bureaucracy which felt the welfare of America's aged was an acceptable price to pay for the preservation of an ideologically correct social insurance system— a system that would not seriously challenge income inequality in America. Previously unresearched documents not only reveal that social insurance discriminates against the poor and this was a foreseen, intended consequence; but they also reveal that the leaders predicted a financially troubled system and did little to prevent it.
"Without Blare of Trumpets": Walter Drew, The National Erectors' Association, and the Open Shop Movement, 1903-1957
by Sidney Fine"Without Blare of Trumpets" provides a fresh look at the twentieth-century open shop movement. It reveals the central role played in that movement by the National Erectors' Association and by its commissioner, Walter Drew. Fine presents an absorbing account of the union-organized dynamiting campaign and illuminates the critical behind-the-scenes part played by Drew in one of the greatest labor trials in all of American history. This important book adds to our understanding of the building and construction industry employer resistance to unionism, the role of the government in industrial relations, and the impact of the New Deal labor-management relations. "Without Blare of Trumpets" makes a major contribution to the fields of labor history, business history, and industrial relations. It will be of interest to students and scholars in many areas of American history, and to all those interested in the welfare of American jobs and American workers. Sidney Fine is Andrew Dickson White Distinguished Professor of History at the University of Michigan, and the author of numerous books and articles.
Modern China and Opium: A Reader
by Alan BaumlerThe Chinese struggle to create a modern nation was tied closely to the opium trade. Throughout much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China's economy, politics, and society were steeped in opium and opium money. All of China's modern governments took the crusade to liberate the nation from this "plague" as one of their essential tasks. However, the opium problem proved to be more complex than many had imagined. There was much disagreement over both the nature of the problem and the solution. Was opium a relatively harmless substance--only a danger to the weak-willed--or a poison that would inevitably destroy the nation? How could the state control this slippery substance and the people who used it? These were more than abstract questions, as all Chinese states profited from the opium trade and most Chinese either used the substance or knew people who did. By presenting a selection of original source readings from the Qing dynasty, the Republic, and the Communist government, this book makes comprehensible the many debates among Chinese involving opium in the modern period. The readings are drawn from a variety of sources including memoirs, diplomatic reports, and journals. It will be of particular interest to students of modern China. Alan Baumler is Assistant Professor of History, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, And Politics In Germany)
by Sara Friedrichsmeyer"Race relations" are a controversial topic in today's Germany. Have Germans learned from the past? How far back must one go to understand the tensions, prejudices, and strategies that have marked race relations in the recently unified nation? The Imperialist Imagination explores the German preoccupation with racial and ethnic differences throughout the past two centuries, in a colonial and "postcolonial" context. Germany's belated national unification in 1870, its short colonial period (1884-1918), and the loss of its colonies as a consequence of World War I, rather than through wars of liberation, generated very different colonial and postcolonial conditions from those in Britain and France. This volume's sixteen essays investigate how, as a consequence of these conditions, Germans imagined their relationship to racial and ethnic others: how they supported and contested colonization during the colonial period, how their colonial fantasies fed into the Nazis' racial and expansionary policies after the loss of German colonies, and how they represent their relationship to German minorities and "foreigners" within and outside Germany today. The contributors include scholars in literature, history, art history, political science, philosophy, ethnography, film, popular culture, photography, and theater. The anthology will appeal not only to Germanists but to all those interested in postcolonial and cultural studies. Sara Friedrichsmeyer is Professor of German, University of Cincinnati. Sara Lennox is Professor of German, University of Massachusetts. Susanne Zantop is Professor of German and Comparative Literature, Dartmouth College.
Animal Advocacy and Englishwomen, 1780-1900: Patriots, Nation, and Empire
by Moira FergusonAnimal Advocacy and Englishwomen, 1780-1900 focuses on women writers and their struggle to protect animals from abuse in the transition from preindustrial to Victorian society. Looking critically at the work of Sarah Trimmer, Susanna Watts, Elizabeth Heyrick, Anna Sewell, and Frances Power Cobb, Moira Ferguson explores the links between Britain's evolving self-definition and the debate over the humane treatment of animals. Ferguson contends that animal-advocacy writing during this period provided a means for women to register their moral outrage over national problems extending far beyond those of animal abuse, effectively allowing them to achieve a public voice as citizens. The writers in question represent multiple genres, time frames, and political approaches. Taken together, their productive lives span more than a century. They are ideologically divided on animal protection, and their political identities range from conservative Anglican Tories to radical reformers. Through their plural discourses on animal advocacy, these women actively participated in an ongoing humanitarian struggle that forged a connection between Englishness and kindness to animals, intensifying as industry and empire advanced, and effectively linked gender with national identity and self-definition. Their concerns resonate in a global as well as a national context; cruelty to animals emerges as a metaphor for imperial predation. In this sense, the writings constitute a gendered response to an evolving colonial discourse about others. Moira Ferguson is James E. Ryan Professor of English and Women's Literature, University of Nebraska. Her books include Subject to Others: Colonial Slavery, 1670-1834; Colonialism and Gender: Relations from Mary Wollstonecraft to Jamaica Kincaid; East Caribbean Connections; and The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, Related by Herself.
Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany (Social History, Popular Culture, And Politics In Germany)
by Y. Michal BodemannHow was it possible that a new and sizeable Jewish community developed after the Holocaust in Germany of all places? Jews, Germans, Memory undertakes to assess the past, present, and future of German-Jewish relations in the light of recent political changes and the opening up of historical resources. This welcome new volume investigates how the groundwork was laid for the new Jewish community in the post-war period, with different objectives by Jewish leaders and German politicians. Its contributors touch upon history, literature, the media, ethnicity, politics, and social movements, and attempt to answer the question of how Jews are socially constructed and how the glorious German Jewish past and the Holocaust have been remembered in the course of recent decades. In recent years, German Jewry has seen fundamental transformations with the influx from Eastern Europe and a new leadership in the community. A new self-definition, even self-assurance and reappraisal in Israel and elsewhere, has evolved. Historians, scholars of cultural studies, and those interested in debates on memory and ethnicity will all find something of interest in this diverse volume. Jews, Germans, Memory joins in debate Michael Brenner, Micha Brumlik, Dan Diner, Cilly Kugelmann, and Martin Löw-Beer, among the most prominent younger Jewish intellectuals in Germany today, with others who have long observed Germany from both inside and outside: Y. Michal Bodemann, John Borneman, Andrei Markovits, Robin Ostrow, Moishe Postone, Frank Stern, and Jack Zipes. Y. Michal Bodemann is Professor of Sociology, University of Toronto.
Little Tools of Knowledge: Historical Essays on Academic and Bureaucratic Practices (Social History, Popular Culture, And Politics In Germany)
by Peter Becker and William ClarkThis volume brings historians of science and social historians together to consider the role of "little tools"--such as tables, reports, questionnaires, dossiers, index cards--in establishing academic and bureaucratic claims to authority and objectivity. From at least the eighteenth century onward, our science and society have been planned, surveyed, examined, and judged according to particular techniques of collecting and storing knowledge. Recently, the seemingly self-evident nature of these mundane epistemic and administrative tools, as well as the prose in which they are cast, has demanded historical examination. The essays gathered here, arranged in chronological order by subject from the late seventeenth to the late twentieth century, involve close readings of primary texts and analyses of academic and bureaucratic practices as parts of material culture. The first few essays, on the early modern period, largely point to the existence of a "juridico-theological" framework for establishing authority. Later essays demonstrate the eclipse of the role of authority per se in the modern period and the emergence of the notion of "objectivity." Most of the essays here concern the German cultural space as among the best exemplars of the academic and bureaucratic practices described above. The introduction to the volume, however, is framed at a general level; the closing essays also extend the analyses beyond Germany to broader considerations on authority and objectivity in historical practice. The volume will interest scholars of European history and German studies as well as historians of science. Peter Becker is Professor of Central European History, European University Institute. William Clark is Lecturer in History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University.
Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism (Critical Perspectives On Women And Gender)
by Aida HurtadoThis groundbreaking and important book explores how women of different ethnic/racial groups conceive of feminism. Aída Hurtado advances the theory of relational privilege to explain those differing conceptions. Previous theories about feminism have predominantly emphasized the lives and experiences of middle-class white women. Aída Hurtado argues that the different responses to feminism by women of color are not so much the result of personality or cultural differences between white women and women of color, but of their differing relationship to white men. For Hurtado, subordination and privilege must be conceived as relational in nature, and gender subordination and political solidarity must be examined in the framework of culture and socioeconomic context. Hurtado's analysis of gender oppression is written from an interdisciplinary, multicultural standpoint and is enriched by selections from poems by Sandra Cisneros, Gloria Anzaldúa, Lorna Dee Cervantes, and Elba Sanchez, and from plays by El Teatro Campesino, the United Farm Workers theater group. A final chapter proposes that progressive scholarship, and especially feminist scholarship, must have at its core a reflexive theory of gender oppression that allows writers to simultaneously document oppression while taking into account the writer's own privilege, to analyze the observed as well as the observer. Aída Hurtado is Associate Professor of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Time-Spirit of Matthew Arnold
by R. H. SuperThe Time-Spirit of Matthew Arnold—his remarkable grasp of the main intellectual currents of the day—is the quality of mind that most recommends Arnold to the modern reader. Trained in the classics and theology, Arnold was able to evaluate the writings of his contemporaries in terms of the main traditions of Western thought, and by plotting the direction of intellectual currents in the past he could project the course of the main streams into the future. Dr. Super focuses on Arnold's achievement as a poet, a social political thinker, and a religious mind. He gives detailed treatment to Arnold's major poetical work, Empedocles on Etna; he analyzes Arnold's liberalism and contrasts it with the Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill; and he examines Arnold's approach to Christianity in a penetrating discussion of Arnold's book Literature and Dogma. The Time-Spirit of Matthew Arnold demonstrates the impact such figures as Carlyle, Mill, and Newman had upon Arnold, as well as the more enduring cast his mind took from Goethe and Spinoza. Throughout, the book reveals the essential homogeneity of Arnold's work and its continued usefulness in dealing with twentieth-century problems in politics, education, and religion.
Culture and Economy: The Shaping of Capitalism in Eastern Asia
by Timothy Brook Hy V. LuongIn recent years, most of the economies of Eastern Asia have been absorbed into global capitalism. Capitalism has transformed these economies, but the process has not been one-way. The cultures of Eastern Asia have in turn shaped how capitalism organizes labor, capital, and markets in ways that could not have been anticipated even ten years ago. On the basis of rich empirical analyses of East and Southeast Asia, and with theoretical insights from different approaches in the social sciences, Culture and Economy addresses these issues in both macroscopic and microscopic terms. Specific topics discussed range from the use and reinvention of Confucian and Islamic legacies in South Korea and Malaysia to promote a particular vision of the economy, to the role of family- and network-structured firms and the reliance on trust-based personal networks in Southeast Asia, to the cultures of labor and management in Chinese village enterprises and Vietnamese ceramics firms, as well as in South Korean export processing zones and the current Chinese labor market. These careful case studies suggest that it is inevitable that Eastern Asia will shape, even remake, capitalism into a system of production and consumption beyond its original definition. Timothy Brook is Professor of History, Stanford University. Hy V. Luong is Professor of Anthropology, University of Toronto.
Love... and Death
by Abraham KaplanIn these eleven talks—originally presented as the highly acclaimed television series "The Worlds of Abraham Kaplan"—a great teacher discusses the most important questions of traditional and contemporary human experience. Dr. Kaplan's views reflect a deep concern for human dignity and a sensitive awareness of the obstacles which often hinder our self-understanding, our relationships, and our happiness. With wisdom and humane wit, Kaplan deals with the attitudes and emotions which many of us feel but which few of us can articulate.On Women: "...the kind of discrimination which makes a problem for women, blacks, Catholics, Jews, Chicanos, and all sorts of minorities and special groups in our society, is this: they are responded to differently in situations in which the differences make no difference."On Religion: "...authentic religious life, in all cultures and all faiths, is something that comes out of the fullness of a man's heart. It is a gift in which we express our love, rather than something which comes out of the poverty of our lives as a demand that something be given to us."On Morals: "...the great moral leaders of mankind, the prophets, the teachers, the martyrs—they have been the very men and women who made trouble."On Technology: "We talk of modern technology as a Frankenstein monster that threatens to destroy us; the symbol is perhaps better than is often appreciated. Frankenstein was not the name of the monster; Frankenstein was the name of the human being who created the monster."On Loneliness: "I believe that one of the tragedies of our time is that if we have no other way of relating to others, we do so by violence."On Aging: "In many ways, it is the old that are to be envied by the young; they have so much less to lose that often they are capable of much more dedication and commitment to the values, ideals, and principles which provide meaning to all our lives." On Death: "To die in a manner that is worthy of a human being, is to die with a sense of one's identity as the human being he is; as the locus of all the human values which intersect, which come to a meeting-point in his being, as an embodiment of human dignity.""With Abraham Kaplan," as Alfred Slote notes in his Foreword, "the reader is in the hands of a master teacher, a philosopher, a gadfly, and a delightful and impassioned storyteller." Love... and Death is a book to own, to ponder, and to give to friends you cherish.
Dehexing Sex: Russian Womanhood During and After Glasnost
by Helena GosciloGlasnost and the collapse of the Soviet Union revolutionized Russian society. What effects, however, did they have on the status, role, and image of women in Russian culture? Examining the past turbulent decade of transition to "democracy" and a market economy, Dehexing Sex traces the ways in which Russia's concept of womanhood both changed and remained the same, taking into account dominant ideologies and social philosophies, sociopolitical organizations, women's writings, literary criticism, film, and popular cultural forms such as pornography. The lively, engaging chapters of this book examine texts by contemporary women writers in the context of the political, social, economic, biological, psychological, and aesthetic transformations that helped define them. Goscilo reveals that the Russian cultural revolution has reshaped the female image in varied and often contradictory ways. While increased interaction with the West fostered gender awareness, it also introduced imported Western sexist practices--especially the exploitation of female bodies--formerly proscribed by a puritanical censorship. Popular magazines, newspapers, and television propagated the image of woman as mother, ornament, and sexual object, even as women's fiction conceived of womanhood in complex psychological terms that undermined the gender stereotypes which had ruled Soviet thinking for more than 70 years. With the aid of feminist and cultural theory, Dehexing Sex investigates the overt and internalized misogyny that combined with the genuinely liberalizing forces unleashed by Gorbachev's policy of glasnost and perestroika. It exposes Russia's repressive romance with womanhood as a metaphor for nationhood and explores Russian women's ironic recasting of national mythologies. "Impressive . . . an important contribution to Russian studies and to women's studies. The author is an outstanding scholar, an energetic and original thinker, and her writing sparkles with imagination and wit." --Stephanie Sandler, Amherst College Helena Goscilo is Associate Professor and Chair of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh.
Colonialism and Culture (The Comparative Studies in Society and History Book Series)
by Nicholas B. DirksColonialism and Culture, edited by Nicholas B. Dirks, is an insightful exploration of the intricate relationship between colonialism and cultural transformation. The book features contributions that reflect how colonialism reshaped cultural identities and expressions across the globe, and how it remains a potent force defining both historical and contemporary landscapes. Drawing on cases from different historical periods and geographic locations, the essays examine how colonial powers imposed and justified their dominance through cultural means—such as transforming local cultures into rigid categories of the "other." The impact of this cultural hegemony extended beyond the local to influence metropolitan societies, altering notions of race, nationality, and power even in the colonizers’ homelands. Essays delve into various aspects such as the role of missionary work in the Philippines, peasant resistance in Southeast Asia, labor practices in colonial Kenya, and the conceptualization of time and development in colonial India. The work encourages a reconsideration of colonialism not just as a historical occurrence but as an active component in the configuration of modern cultural and social institutions. Engaging with the intersection of power and culture, the book challenges readers to rethink traditional narratives of empire and its legacy, offering new insights into the ongoing global implications of colonial structures.
Double Passage: The Lives of Caribbean Migrants Abroad and Back Home
by George GmelchDouble Passage presents, in their own words, the lives and experiences of thirteen men and women from the island of Barbados who emigrated to North America and Britain and then years later returned home. They tell of their decisions to leave the familiarity and security of home for an uncertain future in cities of the industrial world; they explain what it is like to be black and immigrant in the predominantly white societies they settled in; and they reveal their struggles to find work and decent housing, to develop new relationships, and to save enough money to be able to return home and assume the affluent lifestyle expected of returnees. Double Passage is an extraordinary book that is able both to inform and to entertain.
Harvesting Coffee, Bargaining Wages: Rural Labor Markets in Colombia, 1975-1990 (Linking Levels Of Analysis)
by Sutti OrtizHarvesting Coffee, Bargaining Wages offers an insightful scrutiny of rural market behavior and a convincing explanation of why farmers fail sometimes to manage their laborers in ways predicted by market models--and how power imbalances and social conditions can impair the ability of laborers to attain a fair market contract during lax labor market periods. This empirical study, based on interviews with both farmers and laborers, covers a fifteen-year period characterized by the modernization of production. Ortiz compares three localized coffee labor markets, expanding the analysis by contrasting the strategies used by the coffee farmers in her study areas with those that farmers in other parts of the world adopt in order to cope with similar problems. Her data challenge prevalent generalizations about the consequences of agricultural modernization on laboring families by showing that management practices and contractual arrangements are ultimately molded by local conditions--cultural perceptions of a fair exchange, familial obligations and roles, availability of housing, bargaining power in the home and in the market, kin networks, and information flows--in interaction with national and global influences. Harvesting Coffee, Bargaining Wages will be of primary interest to anthropologists and sociologists, geographers, political scientists interested in explicit and implicit contract formats, and economists intrigued by the possibility of integrating social variables as contextual aspects of management strategies. Sutti Ortiz is Associate Professor Emerita of Anthropology, Boston University.
Women and Comedy: Rewriting the British Theatrical Tradition
by Susan CarlsonThe first comprehensive study of its kind, this book explores the contradictory connections between women and dramatic comedy. Women and Comedy shows how a genre that has been used historically to restrict women's behavior is being reconfigured to express women's triumphs. It thus redefines the assumptions with which both traditional comedy and contemporary women's plays are read and viewed. Challenging a critical consensus that has seen comedy as a haven for female power, Carlson argues that traditional comedy is deeply sexist, welcoming strong women characters only because it can contain their power. Through an analysis of a range of comedies by Shakespeare, Congreve, Maugham, Shaw, and Ayckbourn, the author shows that even in these plays self-consciously about liberated females, women gain only a limited freedom, a freedom that the endings of the plays work to negate. This negotiation is seen to result in part from the comic structure itself, which privileges a merely temporary inversion and an ultimate return to the status quo. Carlson then examines the transitional work of three writers – Aphra Behn, Henry James, and Ann Jellicoe – whose heroines follow an unorthodox trajectory through their comic worlds. While the work of these writers clearly remains within the mainstream comic tradition, the author notes in them a subtle departure, most notably in their description of the heroine as subject rather than object, which prefigures the full-scale transformations of women in comedy by contemporary women writers. The book then examines contemporary comedy that revises traditional comic structure at the same time as it explores fundamental social change. In making her case for the difference of contemporary comedy by women, Carlson examines the reformulations of structure and character and considers issues of community, self, and sexuality in a broad range of plays by individual playwrights and by the new women's theater collectives. Women and Comedy is an important work for students of British drama and will appeal to theater practitioners, critics, feminist scholars, and all those interested in the performing arts.
The Chronicler of Barsetshire: A Life of Anthony Trollope
by R. H. SuperThe Chronicle of Barsetshire presents the life of Anthony Trollope, who, although perhaps best known for his popular novels of Victorian English life, was also a prolific writer of nonfiction and a distinguished civil servant. R. H. Super, professor emeritus of English at the University of Michigan, has drawn upon a wide range of primary sources, archival as well as published, to give a complete sense of the man, his variety of talents, his place in the intellectual world of nineteenth-century England, and the interplay between his fiction and the events of his life. It is a biography of the highest merit, a work that, unlike the previous studies of Trollope's life, is not overshadowed by Trollope's own colorful (but frequently inaccurate) Autobiography. Exhaustive in its portrayal of Trollope's long, productive life, and impeccable in its scholarship, The Chronicler of Barsetshire sets a new standard of execellence in Trollopian studies.
Quiet Pioneering: Robert M. Stern and His International Economic Legacy (Studies In International Economics)
by Keith E. Maskus Edward E. Leamer J. David Richardson Peter M. HooperNew scholarly research in important aspects of international economics is brought together in this volume. The unifying theme is that each chapter is devoted to a fresh analysis of a problem in international economics that had earlier received cogent and prescient attention by Professor Robert Stern of the University of Michigan, one of the major figures in international economic research in the second half of the twentieth century. Each chapter examines a significant issue in international trade or finance, including determinants of comparative advantage, the effects of trade restrictions and the importance of trade liberalization, aspects of international trade institutions, and monetary policy in integrated markets. Three broad areas of international economic analysis are explored. The first part of the volume is devoted to new and sophisticated empirical analyses of important policy questions, such as technical change in trade models, how nontariff barriers are established, and how patent protection affects trade flows. The second part analyzes key areas involving international trade negotiations, including the usefulness of binding tariff commitments, regionalism versus bilateralism in trade liberalization, and strategic competition among international firms in setting negotiating agendas. The final part considers important questions in labor costs, asset pricing, and monetary union in international markets. Professional international economists will find much worth reading in the volume. It also is relevant to those who study international relations and international organizations; political scientists; and government policy analysts. Keith E. Maskus is Professor of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder. Peter M. Hooper is Assistant Director, Division of International Finance, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Edward E. Leamer is Professor of Economics and Management, University of California, Los Angeles. J. David Richardson is Professor of Economics, Syracuse University.
Contesting Cultural Rhetorics: Public Discourse and Education, 1890-1900
by Margaret J. MarshallContesting Cultural Rhetorics is a groundbreaking and original study that demonstrates how "education" is viewed as a contested term and a set of contested practices in American culture because it is inevitably linked to highly contested, value-laden terms. An examination of the public discourse of education not only reveals the ideologies and conceptions embedded in educative acts and institutions but also provides a means of examining how education itself functions in American culture as a site of contest between ideologies, values, and the constitution of individual and nation. Margaret J. Marshall's analysis employs a range of contemporary theorists from Bakhtin to Foucault and draws on a number of disciplinary perspectives, including law, history, and ethnography, where scholars have been examining discursive practices and where rhetoric is understood to be a means of examining cultural conceptions and embedded ideologies. Through these lenses she examines four influential and popular texts of the 1890s that serve to illuminate current public debates on education: Joseph Mayer Rice's articles in Forum, a well-respected magazine; Matthew Arnold's introduction to a government report; W. E. B. Du Bois's "A Negro Schoolmaster in the New South;" and Jane Addams's "A Function of the Social Settlement." Neither a history of education nor a typical literary analysis of the texts in question, this book considers the rhetorical stance of authors, the constitution of audience and subject, and the use of references and narratives as devices of authority. Taken together, these texts reveal the complicated public discussion of education in the 1890s—a period of transformation in culture, schooling, and the organization of knowledge. Moreover, they reveal the rhetorical structure of many of the questions Americans ask about education today: who should be educated, by whom, for what purposes, using what methods or materials? What of the past should we pass on to the future, and how? Contesting Cultural Rhetorics will be useful to readers interested in the history of education and nineteenth-century popular culture, as well as those involved in current debates on education and public policy.
Aggressive Unilateralism: America's 301 Trade Policy and the World Trading System (Studies In International Economics)
by Jagdish Bhagwati Hugh T. PatrickUnited States trade policy has moved in recent years toward aggressive unilateralism. This volume provides the most comprehensive, coherent, and insightful analysis of this dramatic development. The essays collected here explain the legislative history of this policy as expressed in Section 301 and the more recent Super 301 and explore the political forces driving their adoption on Capitol Hill. The targeting of Japan, India, and Brazil by the administration using Super 301 powers is discussed, as are the reactions of those countries to this targeting. These American actions raise questions about the legality of such tariff retaliation under GATT rules and about America’s simultaneous support of multilateral talks at the Uruguay Round intended to reconstitute and revitalize the GATT.
Political Economy of U.S. - Taiwan Trade (Studies In International Economics)
by Robert E. BaldwinTwo key features of the remarkable economic growth in the newly industrializing countries of East Asia over the last quarter of a century are the role of exports of manufactured goods as the engine of this growth and the importance of the United States as a market for these exports. Political Economy of U.S.-Taiwan Trade analyzes the nature of the political and economic interactions, both domestic and international, which evolved between Taiwan and the United States in a manner that has enabled this growth to occur. In analyzing the various cooperative and conflicting trade policies pursued by the two countries over the last fifty years, the authors utilize a broad political economy framework. They first describe the nature and evolution of trade between Taiwan and the United States and discuss the major economic and political groups and institutions that shape trade policies in the two countries. In doing so, the role that trade has played both in Taiwan's development policies and in the international economic and political policies of the United States in the post-World War II period is analyzed. The various restrictions imposed by each country on the other's exports are examined, and the efforts to reduce these trade barriers are then discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the series of bilateral negotiations in which the United States has used its dominant economic and political power to force Taiwan to open a number of its internal markets. The book will be of interest to both economists and political scientists specializing in international economics and international political relations. Area specialists focusing on the Far East will also find the book helpful. Robert E. Baldwin is Hilldale Professor of Economics, University of Wisconsin. Tain-Jy Chen is Research Fellow, Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research. Douglas Nelson is Associate Professor of Economics, Tulane University. This title was formally part of the Studies in International Trade Policy Series, now called Studies in International Economics.
The Aesthetic System of François Delsarte and Richard Wagner: Catholicism, Romanticism, and Ancient Music (Elements in Music and Musicians 1750-1850)
by Bradley HooverOn 17 September 1839, Richard Wagner arrived in Paris. Although scholars agree that the composer learned a great deal about aesthetics during his first sojourn in the city, what has not been known is exactly what he learned and from whom. This Element explores the striking similarities between Wagner's early aesthetic writings and François Delsarte's 'Cours d'esthétique appliquée', a theoretical and practical training course for artists which Delsarte began teaching in Paris in May 1839. This Element also details the rise of Delsarte as a celebrated teacher of aesthetics and interpreter of Gluck's repertoire during the same years that Wagner lived in the city. By comparing historical timelines, published documents, and manuscript sources and by analysing Wagner's treatises, Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft and Oper und Drama, and the essay 'Über Schauspieler und Sänger', the author shows that Delsarte's course is the most likely source of Wagner's aesthetic transformation in Paris.
The Quarterly Review of Biology, volume 100 number 3 (September 2025)
by The Quarterly Review of BiologyThis is volume 100 issue 3 of The Quarterly Review of Biology. The Quarterly Review of Biology (QRB) has presented insightful historical, philosophical, and technical treatments of important biological topics since 1926. As the premier review journal in biology, the QRB publishes outstanding review articles of generous length that are guided by an expansive, inclusive, and often humanistic understanding of biology. Beyond the core biological sciences, the QRB is also an important review journal for scholars in related areas, including policy studies and the history and philosophy of science. A comprehensive section of reviews on new biological books provides educators and researchers with information on the latest publications in the life sciences.
Mental Health Policy in South Africa: Exploring Problem Representation (Routledge Studies in Health in Africa)
by Pieter Fourie Claire Morrison Ubanesia AdamsThis book investigates how mental health in South Africa is conceptualised and constructed in public policy. Critiquing embedded assumptions within existing policy documentation, the book advocates for policy solutions centred on poverty alleviation and economic development.Mental health in South Africa has historically been neglected within the health-care system, a stark reality underscored by the Life Esidimeni tragedy, which exposed widespread mismanagement, negligence, and insufficient resources in mental health-care services. While South Africa has enacted progressive mental health policies, their effective implementation remains hindered by systemic challenges. This book investigates the dominant problems represented in mental health policies, including the segregation of mental health from general health services, inadequate intersectoral collaboration in mental health care, community disconnection from mental health services, the association between poverty and mental health issues, and infringements upon the rights of individuals with mental health problems. Overall, the book underscores mental health as a socio-economic issue, requiring new policy solutions.This book will be an essential read for mental health professionals and policy makers in South Africa, as well as for researchers working on the good governance of mental health, both within the country and at global and multilateral levels.
Human Factors and Safety Culture: How Leaders Can Influence Behaviours for Good
by Eduardo Blanco-MunozThis title explores human behaviour in the context of workplace safety and risk management. Focused on understanding how people detect, interpret and respond to danger and how leaders can put safety at the heart of their organizations’ culture, it draws on the latest insights from disciplines such as cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology, and sociology. Integrating traditional and emerging perspectives in the field of Occupational Health and Safety, this book delivers both a vision and the tools to elevate safety as a core organizational value able to motivate and anchor safe behaviours and reinforce safety‑oriented leadership.Written to include practical frameworks and clear examples, it addresses the cognitive processes, including perception, attention, and memory, that influence individuals’ judgement and decision‑making at work as well as spontaneous behaviour. Readers will discover how biases, emotions, and underlying values play a role in shaping attitudes towards safety, providing a fresh perspective on emotional intelligence and behavioural motivation. Through a "Toolbox‑style" section, filled with actionable techniques that can be applied to any workplace, readers gain strategies to implement these insights immediately, helping to embed safety as a shared cultural value.Additional sections, such as "Did you know?" and "Focus on...", present surprising findings and deeper dives into key topics, revealing real‑world applications. The reader will develop a good understanding of the key theories and practices behind safety culture at work that can be made applicable to any industry. Human Factors and Safety Culture: How Leaders Can Influence Behaviours for Good is designed for those in occupational health and safety, including current and aspiring safety leaders, HR and operations managers, and anyone involved in shaping a positive organizational workplace culture.