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Metropolitan Regions
by Charlie Karlsson Johan Klaesson Börje JohanssonMetropolitan growth has been dramatic in the past several decades, and today metropolitan regions are recognized as the main driving forces in national growth and development as well as in national and global innovation processes. The purpose of this book is to contribute to a better understanding of how metropolitan regions and their subsystems interact and compete, why they differ in their capacity to nurture innovation and growth, and how metropolitan policies must be designed to secure the region's long-term vitality. To that end, it presents new contributions on theories of urban growth, institutions and policies of urban change, and case studies of urban growth prepared by international experts.
Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions
by Frank Flechtner Nico Sneeuw Wolf-Dieter SchuhSignificant advances in the scientific use of space based data were achieved in three joint interdisciplinary projects based on data of the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE within the R&D program GEOTECHNOLOGIEN. It was possible to explore and monitor changes related to the Earth's surface, the boundary layer between atmosphere and solid earth, and the oceans and ice shields. This boundary layer is our habitat and therefore is in the focus of our interests. The Earth's surface is subject to anthropogenetic changes, to changes driven by the Sun, Moon and planets, and by changes caused by processes in the Earth system. The state parameters and their changes are best monitored from space. The theme "Observation of the System Earth from Space" offers comprehensive insights into a broad range of research topics relevant to society including geodesy, oceanography, atmospheric science (from meteorology to climatology), hydrology and glaciology.
Chemical Structure of Pelagic Redox Interfaces: Observation and Modeling (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #22)
by Evgeniy V. YakushevOver the last few decades many studies have focused on the oxygen depletion of coastal and oceanic waters. An understanding of the processes involved is fundamental to assess the effects of global and climatic changes and to support an ecosystem approach to adaptive environmental management for coastal seas and ocean basins. This timely book presents the state-of-the-art of our knowledge of the nature and chemical structure of redox interfaces in a marine water column, oxygen depletion and connected processes. The structures of the redox layers, including the distribution of certain parameters and microbiological features, are described in detail. The volume also covers studies devoted to the interannual variability of some oxygen-depleted systems, modeling and new developments in observation techniques. In addition, it identifies remaining gaps in our knowledge of the cycling of chemical elements in changing redox conditions. The chapters are based on extensive observational data, collected by the authors during sea and shore expeditions, on archive data, and on a broad range of scientific literature.
Software Testing in the Cloud: Migration and Execution
by Tauhida Parveen Scott TilleyFor a large, complex system, the amount of test cases in a regression test suite can range from a few hundred to several thousands, which can take hours or even days to execute. Regression testing also requires considerable resources that are often not readily available. This precludes their use in an interactive setting, further contributing to an inefficient testing process. Cloud computing offers the use of virtualized hardware, effectively unlimited storage, and software services that can help reduce the execution time of large test suites in a cost-effective manner. The research presented by Tilley and Parveen leverages the resources provided by cloud computing infrastructure to facilitate the concurrent execution of test cases. They introduce a decision framework called SMART-T to support migration of software testing to the cloud, a distributed environment called HadoopUnit for the concurrent execution of test cases in the cloud, and a series of case studies illustrating the use of the framework and the environment. Experimental results indicate a significant reduction in test execution time is possible when compared with a typical sequential environment. Software testing in the cloud is a subject of high interest for advanced practitioners and academic researchers alike. For advanced practitioners, the issue of cloud computing and its impact on the field of software testing is becoming increasingly relevant. For academic researchers, this is a subject that is replete with interesting challenges; there are so many open problems that graduate students will be busy for years to come. To further disseminate results in this field, the authors created a community of interest called "Software Testing in the Cloud" (www.STITC.org), and they encourage all readers to get involved in this exciting new area.
Geometrical Charged-Particle Optics
by Harald RoseThis second edition is an extended version of the first edition of Geometrical Charged-Particle Optics. The updated reference monograph is intended as a guide for researchers and graduate students who are seeking a comprehensive treatment of the design of instruments and beam-guiding systems of charged particles and their propagation in electromagnetic fields. Wave aspects are included in this edition for explaining electron holography, the Aharanov-Bohm effect and the resolution of electron microscopes limited by diffraction. Several methods for calculating the electromagnetic field are presented and procedures are outlined for calculating the properties of systems with arbitrarily curved axis. Detailed methods are presented for designing and optimizing special components such as aberration correctors, spectrometers, energy filters monochromators, ion traps, electron mirrors and cathode lenses. In particular, the optics of rotationally symmetric lenses, quadrupoles, and systems composed of these elements are discussed extensively. Beam properties such as emittance, brightness, transmissivity and the formation of caustics are outlined. Relativistic motion and spin precession of the electron are treated in a covariant way by introducing the Lorentz-invariant universal time and by extending Hamilton's principle from three to four spatial dimensions where the laboratory time is considered as the fourth pseudo-spatial coordinate. Using this procedure and introducing the self action of the electron, its accompanying electromagnetic field and its radiation field are calculated for arbitrary motion. In addition, the Stern-Gerlach effect is revisited for atomic and free electrons.
Non Invasive Diagnostic Techniques in Clinical Dermatology
by Howard I. Maibach Enzo Berardesca Klaus-Peter WilhelmThis book is a comprehensive but compact guide to the latest technical and technological developments in the growing field of non invasive diagnosis in clinical dermatology. Information is provided on the practical and technical characteristics of a wide range of equipment and methods for in vivo measurements that aid in the investigation of skin function, the evaluation of topically applied products and the monitoring of skin disease. Individual sections are devoted to imaging techniques, skin analysis, superficial skin analysis, skin mechanics, water and stratum corneum hydration and erythema and blood flow. All of the authors are experts in the field, with detailed knowledge of the techniques they describe. Non Invasive Diagnostic Techniques in Clinical Dermatology will be of value for all dermatologists, whether they are engaged in delivering patient care or in research programs, for cosmetic scientists and for biologists involved in skin research and product assessment.
New Discoveries on the β-Hydride Elimination
by Thomas M. GøgsigThe work presented in Thomas M. Gøgsig's thesis deals with the discovery of new metal-catalyzed transformations ranging from Kumada-, Heck- and Suzuki-type reactions. The thesis starts with a formidable introduction to Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. New results have been obtained on: (i) Pd-catalyzed 1,2-migration reactions, (ii) Pd-catalyzed Heck reactions employing heteroaromatic tosylates, (iii) Ni-catalyzed Heck reactions, and (iv) Pd-catalyzed carbonylative Heck reaction. Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are today a highly competititve field (the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis", the 2001 and 2005 Nobel Prizes in closely related fields). Thomas M. Gøgsig obtained new results in his thesis that will help to improve the outcome of catalytic processes and improve their scope. The results will thus become key references for tomorrow's new applications. All chapters include insightful discussions and in-depth descriptions of the key principles of these new discoveries.
Sustainability Appraisal: Quantitative Methods and Mathematical Techniques for Environmental Performance Evaluation
by Paulina Golinska Marina G Erechtchoukova Peter A KhaiterOne of the most important issues in developing sustainable management strategies and incorporating ecodesigns in production, manufacturing and operations management is the assessment of the sustainability of business operations and organizations' overall environmental performance. The book presents the results of recent studies on sustainability assessment. It provides a solid reference for researchers in academia and industrial practitioners on the state-of-the-art in sustainability appraisal including the development and application of sustainability indices, quantitative methods, models and frameworks for the evaluation of current and future welfare outcomes, recommendations on data collection and processing for the evaluation of organizations' environmental performance, and eco-efficiency approaches leading to business process re-engineering.
LISS 2012
by Juliang Zhang Runtong Zhang Zhenji ZhangInformation and communication technology has helped to provide a more effective network infrastructure and development platform for logistics and service operations. In order to meet the needs of consumers, and particularly to promote low-carbon development processes, new types of services will also emerge. LISS 2012 is a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of logistics, informatics, service operations and service science. Experts and researchers from related fields will discuss current issues and future development opportunities, discuss and analyze developing trends and exchange the latest research and academic thought. The theme of the conference is Logistics and Service Science based on the Internet of Things.
Novel Synthetic Chemistry of Ureas and Amides
by Marc HutchbyIn this thesis, the author investigates the chemistry and application of molecules containing urea and amide bonds. These bonds are some of the strongest known and are fundamental to biological processes. The author describes his discovery that sterically hindered ureas undergo solvolysis at room temperature under neutral conditions. This is a remarkable finding, since ureas are inert under these conditions and a general rule of chemistry is that hindered substrates are less reactive. Remarkably, the author translates these results to the correspondingly sterically hindered amides. This thesis has resulted in a number of outstanding publications in high profile journals. The unique method for breaking urea and amide bonds developed in this study is likely to have far reaching consequences for biological protein manipulation.
The Little Emperors’ New Toys
by Bin ZhaoDrawing on original research I conducted in the late 1980s, the book argues for a critical approach to the study of children and television. It begins with critical reappraisals of previous empiricist and interpretative studies to set the ground for a different theoretical inquiry which links biography with history. The situated activity of children's television viewing therefore has to be related to the broader historical and cultural formations in post-Mao China. By way of a methodological pluralism of questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews and observation, the book provides the reader with a thorough critical analysis of the rise of the new commercial ethic in Chinese society in general, and in the sector of media and communications in particular, at the very historical turning point of the late 1980s. Soon after that, Deng Xiaoping made his significant tour to south China, reckoning a big step forward towards further liberalization and started to form a brave new world in China ever since.
Investigation of Reactions Involving Pentacoordinate Intermediates
by Peter A ByrneIn this thesis, the author outlines the discovery of an effect common to representative examples of all Li salt-free Wittig Reactions. The implications of such a universally applicable effect are that all such Wittig reactions occur through the same mechanism. Although the Wittig reaction was first discovered in 1953, its reaction mechanism has never been definitively settled with many different variants proposed and disproved. The work in this thesis shows conclusively that for [2+2] cycloadditions all Wittig reactions occur by the same irreversible mechanism. In addition, the author also describes a new chromatography-free method for the removal of phosphine oxide from the alkene crude product of the Wittig reaction. The work in this thesis has led to several publications in high-profile journals.
Innovationen verbreiten, optimieren und evaluieren
by Norbert Donner-Banzhoff Stefan BösnerDas Buch richtet sich an Wissenschaftler, die sich mit dem noch relativ jungen medizinischen Feld der Versorgungsforschung beschäftigen. Der Leser findet eine gut verständliche und nachvollziehbare Anleitung, um erste eigene Schritte zu gehen. Und der geübte Versorgungsforscher kann das fundierte und durch die reichhaltige Projektarbeit der Autoren reflektierte Wissen nutzen, um neue Ideen zu entwickeln. Methodische Überlegungen zu qualitativen und quantitativen Verfahren werden von zahlreichen Beispielen unterlegt, die es dem Leser erlauben, ein eigenes Vorsorgungsforschungsprojekt zu konzipieren und durchzuführen. Hierbei sprechen die Autoren mögliche Fallstricke auf dem Weg an und ermutigen den Leser, sich auch noch auf der Zielgeraden eine gesunde Portion Selbstkritik zu bewahren. Gute Versorgungsforschung ist wegen der komplexen Materie eben kein leichtes, aber ein durchaus lohnendes Unterfangen.
Pulvermetallurgische Fertigungstechnik
by Paul BeissUnter den Oberbegriff Pulvermetallurgie fällt eine große Vielfalt an Verfahren und Produkten, von denen die Strukturwerkstoffe in der Technik die größte Wertschöpfung und Anwendungsbreite haben. Dazu sind sehr unterschiedliche Aufbereitungs- und Formgebungsverfahren entwickelt worden, die auf den Verarbeitungseigenschaften der jeweiligen Pulver beruhen. Eine Auswahl dieser Verfahren mit größerer technischer Bedeutung wird geschildert. Für Pulver, die unter Druck Grünfestigkeit entwickeln, hat das Matrizenpressen bei Raumtemperatur oder wenig erhöhten Temperaturen für die Formgebung von Bauteilen bis etwa fünf Kilogramm Masse mit weitem Abstand die wirtschaftlich größte Bedeutung. Hierzu gibt es zahlreiche Varianten für spezielle geometrische Anforderungen, z. B. Hinterschneidungen, die ausführlicher beschrieben werden. Im gepressten Zustand ist die Grünfestigkeit der Festigkeit von Kreide vergleichbar. Für die technische Anwendung bedarf es einer metallurgischen Konsolidierung durch Sintern, die aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen in schutzgasgefüllten kontinuierlichen Öfen unter Atmosphärendruck abläuft. Die Sinterbedingungen und bei kohlenstoffhaltigen Legierungsstählen die Abkühlbedingungen bestimmen das Gefüge und zusammen mit der Dichte die Festigkeitseigenschaften. Auf diese Prozesse wird detailliert eingegangen. Den Abschluss der Darstellung bildet eine umfangreiche Übersicht über mechanische und thermophysikalische Eigenschaften von Sinterstählen, besonders auch über deren Schwingfestigkeit.
Concurrent Programming: Algorithms, Principles, And Foundations
by Michel RaynalThe advent of new architectures and computing platforms means that synchronization and concurrent computing are among the most important topics in computing science. Concurrent programs are made up of cooperating entities -- processors, processes, agents, peers, sensors -- and synchronization is the set of concepts, rules and mechanisms that allow them to coordinate their local computations in order to realize a common task. This book is devoted to the most difficult part of concurrent programming, namely synchronization concepts, techniques and principles when the cooperating entities are asynchronous, communicate through a shared memory, and may experience failures. Synchronization is no longer a set of tricks but, due to research results in recent decades, it relies today on sane scientific foundations as explained in this book. In this book the author explains synchronization and the implementation of concurrent objects, presenting in a uniform and comprehensive way the major theoretical and practical results of the past 30 years. Among the key features of the book are a new look at lock-based synchronization (mutual exclusion, semaphores, monitors, path expressions); an introduction to the atomicity consistency criterion and its properties and a specific chapter on transactional memory; an introduction to mutex-freedom and associated progress conditions such as obstruction-freedom and wait-freedom; a presentation of Lamport's hierarchy of safe, regular and atomic registers and associated wait-free constructions; a description of numerous wait-free constructions of concurrent objects (queues, stacks, weak counters, snapshot objects, renaming objects, etc.); a presentation of the computability power of concurrent objects including the notions of universal construction, consensus number and the associated Herlihy's hierarchy; and a survey of failure detector-based constructions of consensus objects. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students in computer science or computer engineering, graduate students in mathematics interested in the foundations of process synchronization, and practitioners and engineers who need to produce correct concurrent software. The reader should have a basic knowledge of algorithms and operating systems.
Transnational Inquiries and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Criminal Proceedings
by Stefano RuggeriThe protection of fundamental rights in the field of transnational criminal inquiries is of great delicateness in the current tangled web of domestic and international legal sources. Due to this complex scenario, this research has been carried out from a four-level perspective. The first part provides a critical analysis of the multilevel systems of protecting fundamental rights from the perspective of supranational and constitutional case law, and in the field of international and organized crime. The second part focuses on EU judicial cooperation in three main fields: financial and serious organized crime, mutual recognition tools, and individual rights protection. The third part provides the perspectives of ten domestic legal systems in two fields, i.e., obtaining evidence abroad and cooperation with international criminal tribunals. The fourth part analyses cross-border inquiries in comparative law, providing a reconstruction of different models of obtaining evidence overseas.
Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO 2012: 32nd Annual Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 19-23, 2012, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #7417)
by Reihaneh Safavi-Naini Ran CanettiThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Cryptology Conference, CRYPTO 2012, held in Santa Barbara, CA, USA, in August 2012. The 48 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 225 submissions. The volume also contains the abstracts of two invited talks. The papers are organized in topical sections on symmetric cryptosystems, secure computation, attribute-based and functional encryption, proofs systems, protocols, hash functions, composable security, privacy, leakage and side-channels, signatures, implementation analysis, black-box separation, cryptanalysis, quantum cryptography, and key encapsulation and one-way functions.
Laser Dermatology
by David J. GoldbergThis is the second edition of a well-received book that has been revised and updated to reflect the state of the art in laser and light source technology. After an initial chapter describing the latest understanding of laser physics and safety, subsequent chapters consider laser treatment of vascular lesions, laser treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos, laser removal of unwanted hair, ablative and non-ablative fractional resurfacing, and use of laser treatment for medical purposes. The book is extremely practical and reader friendly. All chapters are very well illustrated, include quick and clear bullet points, and feature a homogeneous structure covering core concepts, currently available technologies, indications and contraindications, an example of a consent form, and the author's personal treatment approaches. The authors are without exception world experts in the field from North America or Europe.
Foreign Judgments in Israel
by Haggai CarmonA judgment in a civil matter rendered in a foreign country is not automatically recognized in Israel. Before a judgment will be recognized or enforced, it must first undergo a domestic integration process. A declaration that a foreign judgment is enforceable in Israel is dependent upon its meeting certain conditions specified by statute, irrespective of whether recognition of the foreign judgment is indirect or direct. These conditions serve as the main route for giving validity to foreign in rem judgments and to personal status judgments, which cannot otherwise be enforced; recognition of a judgment as enforceable, however, enables it to be executed. The book integrates lucid, theoretical analysis of the issues of enforcement and recognition of foreign judgments with practical instructions. It thus serves as a valuable guide for anyone seeking answers to the questions examined in the book, whether in the context of international commerce or to resolve transnational legal disputes. Despite the complexity of the questions addressed in the book, they are given accurate and easily understandable answers. Haggai Carmon's book grapples with the range of issues arising from the recognition of foreign judgments and their enforcement, i.e., the declaration that they are enforceable judgments. The book thoroughly and methodically examines these issues...Haggai Carmon has outstanding expertise in international law. He has a breadth of legal knowledge and extensive experience in both the theoretical and practical aspects of both private and public international law. He serves as legal counsel to commercial entities as well as foreign governmental agencies; amongst others, he is an outside legal counsel to the government of the United States. As this text reflects, Haggai Carmon is also a first-rate scholar and he shares his knowledge in a style that is suitable to every reader. -Eliezer Rivlin, Deputy Chief Justice, the Israel Supreme Court
Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions
by Keith M. Reynolds Paul F. Hessburg Patrick S. BourgeronSince 1997, the Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system has been used around the world to support environmental analysis and planning in many different application areas, and it has been applied over a wide range of geographic scales, from forest stands to entire countries. An extensive sampling of this diversity of applications is presented in section 2, in which EMDS application developers describe the varied uses of the system. These accounts, together with the requisite background in section 1, provide valuable practical insights into how the system can be applied in the general domain of environmental management.
Defining the Spatial Scale in Modern Regional Analysis
by Esteban Fernández Vázquez Fernando Rubiera MorollónThis book explores different approaches to defining the concept of region depending on the specific question that needs to be answered. While the typical administrative spatial data division fits certain research questions well, in many cases, defining regions in a different way is fundamental in order to obtain significant empirical evidence. The book is divided into three parts: The first part is dedicated to a methodological discussion of the concept of region and the different potential approaches from different perspectives. The problem of having sufficient information to define different regional units is always present. This justifies the second part of the book, which focuses on the techniques of ecological inference applied to estimating disaggregated data from observable aggregates. Finally, the book closes by presenting several applications that are in line with the functional areas definition in regional analysis.
Design Thinking Research: Measuring Performance in Context
by Christoph Meinel Hasso Plattner Larry LeiferThis book summarizes the results of the third year in the Design Thinking Research Program, a joint venture of Stanford University in Palo Alto and the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam. Understanding the evolution of innovation, and how to measure the performance of the design thinking teams behind innovations, is the central motivation behind the research work presented in this book. Addressing these fundamental concerns, all of the contributions in this volume report on different approaches and research efforts aimed at obtaining deeper insights into and a better understanding of how design thinking transpires. In highly creative ways, different experiments were conceived and undertaken with this goal in mind, and the results achieved were analyzed and discussed to shed new light on the focus areas. We hope that our readers enjoy this discourse on design thinking and its diverse impacts. Besides looking forward to receiving your critical feedback, we also hope that when reading these reports you too will get caught up in the fun our research teams had in carrying out the work they are based on: understanding innovation and how design thinking fosters it, which was the motivation for all the research work that is reported on in this book.
Elektromobilität
by Achim Kampker Armin Schnettler Dirk ValléeDas Buch gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die Herausforderungen und Lösungen zum Thema Elektromobilität. Von Gestaltungshinweisen bei der Konstruktion des Antriebsstrangs bis hin zu Ansätzen zum Aufbau der Infrastruktur wird ein breites Feld an Themen beleuchtet. Das Buch gliedert sich in fünf Kapitel. In einem Grundlagenkapitel werden die Herausforderungen der Elektromobilität sowie der Ansatz einer integrierten Produkt-, Prozess- und Infrastrukturentwicklung skizziert. Im Kapitel Elektromobilproduktion wird der Prozess der Industrialisierung eines Produktes und die Produktion der Antriebskomponenten dargestellt. Ansätze des Innovationsmanagements und das Thema wirtschaftlicher Leichtbau finden sich im Kapitel Automotive Engineering wieder. Das Kapitel Infrastruktur beinhaltet die Konzepte zum Aufbau eines Servicenetzes und beim Städtebau. Die notwendigen Rechtsgrundlagen und Strategien zur Geschäftsmodellentwicklung werden im Kapitel Business Conception erläutert.
Ultrasound of the Gastrointestinal Tract
by Giovanni Maconi Gabriele Bianchi PorroThis is the second, updated and extended edition of a well-received book that offers a comprehensive overview of ultrasonographic imaging of acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including acute abdomen, appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, neoplasms and masses, infections, malabsorption syndromes, and rare conditions. The value of ultrasound in each disorder is clearly explained and illustrated, and limitations identified. Information is also provided on recent technical developments and ultrasound applications that are likely to become of increasing importance, such as functional and 3D ultrasound, contrast agents and intraoperative ultrasound, elastography, and transperineal ultrasound. The authors are all distinguished experts in the topics they address. Ultrasound of the Gastrointestinal Tract will be a helpful guide in daily practice not only for radiologists but also for gastroenterologists, abdominal surgeons, pediatricians, and oncologists.
Electronic Structure and Number Theory
by Peter Comba Jan C.A. BoeyensThe series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience. Thus each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. A description of the physical basis of the experimental techniques that have been used to provide the primary data may also be appropriate, if it has not been covered in detail elsewhere. The coverage need not be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the new principles being developed that will allow the reader, who is not a specialist in the area covered, to understand the data presented. Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcomed.