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China On The Eve Of Communist Takeover
by A. Doak BarnettThis book attempts to illuminate some of the trends and conditions in China just prior to, and at the time of the Communist takeover. The conditions that existed just prior to 1949 provided the immediate starting point, the base line, from which the Chinese Communists, once in power, embarked upon their tremendous political, economic, and social t
Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders (Studies On Contemporary China)
by A. Doak Barnett Suisheng Zhao Carol Lee HamrinConsiders the politics of central decision-making by focusing on senior policy makers and implementing bureaucracies on the one hand, and actors in economic and non-economic arenas on the other. The contributors held significant party and government positions in China up to 1989.
Modernizing China: Post-Mao Reform And Development
by A. Doak Barnett Ralph N. CloughSince the death of Mao, China has entered a new period in its development. Turning away from the all-encompassing emphasis on revolutionary struggle and ideological transformation that characterized the last years of the Maoist era, China's leaders under Deng Xiaoping have initiated dramatic new reform and development policies. In original essays, the contributors, all senior specialists on contemporary China, analyze the reasons for the new policies, the nature and impact of the changes now occurring, and the prospects for a continuation of these policies in the future. Specifically, they examine the Chinese polity as a "consultative authoritarian" system, the farreaching changes in China's agriculture, important shifts in foreign economic relations, the gradual modernization policy pursued by its military leaders, the relaxation of controls on cultural life, and the possibility that current social policies may well increase equality rather than inequality in Chinese society. The authors conclude that it is too early to judge the eventual, long-term outcome of current reforms, which they believe grew out of the political crises and chronic economic problems that afflicted China in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Although they see some opposition and built-in limits to reform, on balance they foresee strong support for continued reform and believe it will be difficult for future leaders to reverse course.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation in the Natural Environment (Chapman And Hall/crc Research Notes In Mathematics Ser. #335)
by A. Van Harten A. DoelmanThis Research Note aims to provide an insight into recent developments in the theory of pattern formation. In the last decade there has been considerable progress in this field, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Recent mathematical developments concern the study of the nonlinear stability of systems at near-critical conditions by an appropriate system of modulation equations. The complexity of the original problem can be reduced drastically by this approximation. Moreover, it provides unifying point of view for a wide range of problems. New applications of the theory arise in a multitude of scientific areas such as hydrodynamics, reaction-diffusion problems, oceanography, meteorology, combustion, geophysical and biological morphodynamics and semi-conductors.This book is intended to show the interactions between the mathematical theory of nonlinear dynamics and the study of pattern generating phenomena in the natural environment. There is an intimate relationship between new insights in the mathematical aspects of nonlinear pattern formation and the comprehension of such phenomena. Therefore there are two partly overlapping main themes: one in which the emphasis is on generally applicable mathematical theories and techniques and one in which the phenomenology of pattern evolution in various areas is discussed.The book comprises 19 contributions by experts in the field. Although the emphasis changes considerably from paper to paper, in each contribution the same two themes are present; all the authors have aimed to achieve a suitable balance between the mathematical theory and the physical phenomena.
Quality of Life and Work in Europe: Theory, Practice and Policy
by Tanja van der Lippe Laura Den Dulk M. Bäck-Wiklund T. Van Lippe L. Den Dulk A. Doorne-HuiskesIntense globalization, rapidly changing workplaces and family patterns have renewed the international interest in quality of life. This book examines different institutional arrangements, work-place conditions and gendered work and care that affect the conditions for achieving quality of work and life in European countries.
Sozialstaat unter Zugzwang?: Zwischen Reform und radikaler Neuorientierung
by A. Doris Baumgartner Beat FuxOhne Solidarität, Vergemeinschaftung und Sozialintegration ist der Wohlfahrtsstaat nicht überlebensfähig. Trotzdem bleiben die drei Elemente als grundlegende Konzepte der Sozialstaatsdebatte meist unterbeleuchtet. Expertinnen und Experten aus Sozial- und Politikwissenschaften untersuchen die sozialintegrative Dimension der Wohlfahrtsstaatlichkeit. Aus der Perspektive der Vergemeinschaftung behandeln sie die aktuelle wohlfahrtsstaatliche Theoriedebatte, analysieren Formen von Solidarität und setzen sich mit den spezifischen Problemlagen des modernen Wohlfahrtsstaates auseinander. Angesichts der Krisenhaftigkeit des Kernbereichs Arbeit interessiert insbesondere sein Reformvermögen. Präsentiert werden empirisch orientierte Beiträge zu Familie, Nachbarschaft und Solidarverbänden sowie theoretisch ausgerichtete Beiträge zu aktuellen Problemlagen wie der Arbeit 4.0. Ferner werden Lösungsansätze in Form von „realutopischen“ Perspektiven und Optionen diskutiert.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 102
by Heinz Falk A. Douglas Douglas Kinghorn Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi KobayashiThe first contribution reviews the phytochemical, chemical,and biological literature on members of the ingenane class of diterpenoids fromtheir first isolation in 1968 through 2015, highlighting unresolved issues bothcommon to phorboids and specific to ingenol derivatives. The biogenesis of ingenol is discussed in thelight of the Jakupovic proposal of a dissection between the formation of the macrocyclicEuphorbia diterpenoids and the phorboids,and the clinical development of ingenol mebutate is chronicled in the light ofits "reverse-pharmacology" focus. The second contributionoffers a comprehensive view of the chemical wealth and the taxonomic problemscurrently impeding chemical and biological investigations of the genus Laurencia. It addresses the botanical description and the growth andpopulation dynamics of the genus, as well as its chemical diversity and ecologicalrelations; the secondary metabolites as well as their sources of isolation; and finally the biological activity.
Ancistrocladus Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #119)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai Liu Verena M. DirschThis book describes a unique class of secondary metabolites, the mono- and dimeric-naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. They exclusively occur in lianas of the palaeotropical Ancistrocladaceae and Dioncophyllaceae plant families. Their unprecedented structures include stereogenic centers and rotationally hindered, and therefore stereogenic, axes. Extended recent investigations on six Ancistrocladus species from Asia, as reported in this contribution, shed light on their fascinating phytochemical productivity, with over 100 intriguing natural products. This high chemodiversity arises from a similarly unique biosynthesis from acetate-malonate units, following a novel polyketidic pathway to plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloids. Some of the compounds show most promising anti-parasitic activities. Additionally, strategies for the regio- and stereoselective total synthesis of the alkaloids, including the directed construction of the chiral axis, are also presented.
Antimalarial Natural Products (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #117)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai Liu Verena M. DirschThis volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment, and then describes quinine’s biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine’s structure. It also covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of additional natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature’s combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. This book thus ends by identifying ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
Chemical Constituents of Bryophytes: Bio- and Chemical Diversity, Biological Activity, and Chemosystematics (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #95)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Junichi Kobayashi Agnieszka Ludwiczuk Fumihiro Nagashima Yoshinori AsakawaFor some 50 years, Professor Asakawa and his group have focused their research on the chemical constituents of bryophytes and have found that these plants contain large numbers of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, acetogenins, and aromatic compounds representative of many new skeletons, which exhibit interesting biological activities. Individual terpenoids, when found as constituents of both a bryophyte and a higher plant, tend to occur in different enantiomeric forms. Professor Asakawa has covered the literature on bryophytes in two earlier volumes of Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, namely, Volumes 42 (1982) and 65 (1995). Since the publication of the latter volume, a great deal of new information has appeared on bryophytes. One example is that known sex pheromones of algae have been discovered in two liverworts, indicating that some members of the latter taxonomic group might originate from brown algae. From information provided in this volume, it is suggested that two orders of the Marchantiophyta should be combined.
Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol. 92
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Herbert Budzikiewicz Heinz Falk Rogelio Pereda-Miranda Daniel Rosas-Ramírez Junichi Kobayashi Jhon Castañeda-GómezThe volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, L. Zechmeister, have appeared under the Springer Imprint ever since the series' inauguration in 1938. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in his field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists, and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.
Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol. 93
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Junichi Kobayashi Sajeli A. Begum Johannes Härle Marta Luzhetska Anil B. Ray Edda Gössinger Mahendra SahaiThe volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, L. Zechmeister, have appeared under the Springer Imprint ever since the series' inauguration in 1938. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in his field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists, and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.
Modern Photocatalytic Strategies in Natural Product Synthesis (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #120)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai Liu Verena M. DirschThis book presents recent reports of total syntheses involving a photocatalytic reaction as a key step in the methodology. Modern photocatalysis has proven its generality for the development and functionalization of native functionalities. To date, the field has found broad applications in diverse research areas, including the total synthesis of natural products. Among the selected examples presented in this book, it highlights how the photocatalytic process proceeds in a highly chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective manner, thereby allowing the rapid access to structurally complex architectures under light-driven conditions.
Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #121)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai Liu Verena M. DirschThe present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number — from fewer than 25 in 1968 — to approximately 8,000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
Neurotrophic Natural Products (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #123)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai Liu Verena M. DirschThis book deals with neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4), which can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons. This makes neurotrophins potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, these proteins have so far been ineffective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass the blood-brain barrier owing to their high-molecular weights. Consequently, small molecules that mimic neurotrophins and stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance their neurotrophic actions are expected to be promising alternatives. Small-molecule natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicine over the course of human history, have potential to be developed as new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this book, the authors introduce a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection and focus on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
Phytocannabinoids
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun’ichi KobayashiThe book presents the current state of the art on phytocannnabinoid chemistry and pharmacology and will be of much use to those wishing to understand the current landscape of the exciting and intriguing phytocannabinoid science. The focus is on natural product cannabinoids which have been demonstrated to act at specific receptor targets in the CNS.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 101
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi KobayashiThe volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, Laszlo Zechmeister, have appeared under the Springer Imprint ever since the series' inauguration in 1938. The series has featured contributions by seven Nobel laureates: D. H. R. Barton, D. Crowfoot Hodgkin, L. Pauling, K. Alder, O. Diels, P. Karrer, and H. von Euler-Chelpin. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in the field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists, and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 104 (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #104)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi KobayashiThe first contribution describes apolar and polar molecular fossils and, in particular biomarkers, along the lines usually followed in organic chemistry textbooks, and points to their bioprecursors when available. Thus, the apolar compounds are divided in linear and branched alkanes followed by alicyclic compounds and aromatic and heterocyclic molecules, and, in particular, the geoporphyrins. The polar molecular fossils contain as functional groups or constituent units ethers, alcohols, phenols, carbonyl groups, flavonoids, quinones, and acids, or are polymers like kerogen, amber, melanin, proteins, or nucleic acids. The final sections discuss the methodology used and the fundamental processes encountered by the biomolecules described, including diagenesis, catagenesis, and metagenesis. The second contribution covers the distribution of phthalides in nature and the findings in the structural diversity, chemical reactivity, biotransformations, syntheses, and bioactivity of natural and semisynthetic phthalides.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 105
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi KobayashiThe first contribution reviews the occurrence of xanthine alkaloids in the plant kingdom and the elucidation of the caffeine biosynthesis pathway, providing details of the N-methyltransferases, belonging to the motif B' methyltransferase family which catalyze three steps in the four step pathway leading from xanthosine to caffeine. The second contribution in this book provides a background on the molecule and related compounds and update knowledge on the most recent advances in Iboga alkaloids. The third contribution presents a comprehensive analysis of frequently occurring errors with respect to 13C NMR spectroscopic data and proposes a straightforward protocol to eliminate a high percentage of the most obvious errors.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 106
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi KobayashiThe first contribution presents coumarins, the largest group of 1-benzopyran derivatives found in plants. Coumarin chemistry remains one of the major interest areas of phytochemists, especially because of their structural diversity and medicinal properties, along with the wide-ranging bioactivities of these compounds, inclusive of analgesic, anticoagulant anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. The second contribution presents a comprehensive survey of the many aspects of PAD biochemistry and physiology. The third contribution gives a comprehensive overview of secondary metabolites from higher fungi, with more than 700 references highlighting the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis of pigments, nitrogen-containing compounds, and terpenoids from mushrooms.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 107 (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #107)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi Kobayashi Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai LiuThe first review describes examples of very promising compounds discovered from plants acquired from Africa, Southeast Asia, the Americas, and the Caribbean region with potential anticancer activity. These include plant secondary metabolites of the diphyllin lignan, penta[b]benzofuran, triterpenoid, and tropane alkaloid types. The second review presents 40 more erythrinan alkaloids, which were either new or were missed out in the last major reviews, bringing to a total of 154 known erythrinan alkaloids known to date. The reported pharmacological activities of the new and known alkaloids showed a greater bias towards central nervous system and related activities. Other prominent activities reported were antifeedant or insecticidal, cytotoxicity/antitumor/anticancer/estrogenic, antiprotozoal, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 108 (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #108)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Jun'Ichi Kobayashi Yoshinori Asakawa Ji-Kai LiuThe first contribution summarizes current trends in research on medicinal plants in Mexico with emphasis on work carried out at the authors' laboratories. The most relevant phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of a selected group of plants used widely for treating major national health problems are described. The second contribution provides a detailed survey of the so far reported literature data on the capacities of selected oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids and polyketides to trigger receptors, enzymes, and other types of cellular factors for which they exhibit a high degree of affinity and therefore evoke specifice responses. And the third contribution discusses aspects of endophytic actinobacterial biology and chemistry, including biosynthesis and total synthesis of secondary metabolites produced in culture. It also presents perspectives fo the future of microbial biodiscovery, with emphasis on the seondary metabolism of endophytic actinobacteria.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 109 (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #109)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Jun’ichi Kobayashi Ji-Kai LiuThis volume comprises three reviews. The first describes isolation, structure determination, syntheses, and biochemistry of the low molecular weight compounds of the secretion of exocrine glands of termies with emphasis to pheromones and defensive compounds. The second review describes recent studies on isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive compounds involved in the life cycle and determination of the molecular mechanisms of the developmental events observed in higher plants. The third contribution reports on the current body of knowledge of African propolis, with a particular emphasis on its chemistry and biological activity.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 110: Cheminformatics in Natural Product Research (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #110)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Jun’ichi Kobayashi Ji-Kai LiuThe book summarizes important aspects of cheminformatics that are relevant for natural product research. It highlights cheminformatics tools that help to match natural products with their respective biological targets or off-targets, and discusses the potential and limitations of this approach.
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 111 (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products #111)
by A. Douglas Kinghorn Heinz Falk Simon Gibbons Yoshinori Asakawa Jun’ichi Kobayashi Ji-Kai LiuThe first chapter in volume 111 summarizes research on the sesterterpenoids, which are known as a relatively small group of natural products. However, they express a variety of simple to complicated chemical structures. This chapter focuses on the chemical structures of sesterterpenoids and how their structures are synthesized in Nature. The second chapter is devoted to marine-derived fungi, which play an important role in the search for structurally unique secondary metabolites, some of which show promising pharmacological activities that make them useful leads for drug discovery. Marine natural product research in China in general has made enormous progress in the last two decades as described in this chapter on fungal metabolites. This contribution covers 613 new natural products reported from 2001 to 2017 from marine-derived fungi obtained from algae, sponges, corals, and other marine organisms from Chinese waters.