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Transforming Research and Higher Education Institutions in the Next 75 Years: Proceedings Of The 2022 Endless Frontier Symposium
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global AffairsOn September 22, 2022, the National Academy of Sciences held a symposium entitled Endless Frontier 2022: Research and Higher Education Institutions for the Next 75 Years. The event was a follow up to a February 2020 NAS symposium convened to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier. Building on the 2020 symposium and on lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, the September 2022 symposium sought to generate tools, strategies, and actionable steps that people and institutions can implement to ensure that science and technology continue to serve the public good. The symposium was designed to progress from broad perspectives that encompass the entire science and technology enterprise to consideration of more specific issues. This proceedings summarizes the 2022 symposium.
Review of the Continued Analysis of Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Review #3
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board Committee on Supplemental Treatment of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear ReservationThe Hanford Nuclear Reservation in the state of Washington produced about two-thirds of the nations plutonium for nuclear weapons from 1944 until the last reactor was shut down in 1987. The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) manages the ongoing clean-up at Hanford and has built a plant to convert the high-level radioactive waste into a glass form (vitrification) for safe disposal.However, decisions remain about how best to treat and dispose of the low-level waste at Hanford, which comprises over 90% of the volume of waste. To inform its decision, DOE contracted with key Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDC), led by Savannah River National Laboratory, to carry out an analysis. This final in a trilogy of reports from the National Academies reviews the FFRDC third report released in January 2023. The review finds that the FFRDC team made a strong technical case that converting the supplemental low-level waste from the vitrification process to a grout form (like cement) is the best option in terms of cost-effectiveness and timeliness, and that off-site disposal of that grout is a valid option as it will be away from potable water.The FFRDC provided a useful framework to help decision-makers understand the issues and trade-offs of the disposal options and did an excellent job of isolating specific factual considerations that can be analyzed, often quantified, and compared with each other.The FFRDC chose to provide a purely technical analysis that excluded analysis of two important factors to be considered - securing regulatory permissions and public acceptance - treating them, for now, as uncertainties. Looking ahead, the DOE faces many uncertainties and should emphasize flexibility in its overall approach, allowing for multiple, redundant options and pathways, as well as the ability to change over time.
Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State And Safety Reforms Since The Macondo Well?deepwater Horizon Blowout
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Gulf Research Program Committee on Progress and Opportunities Toward Decreasing the Risk of Offshore Energy Operations A Report Series on Progress and Opportunities Toward Decreasing the Risk of Offshore Energy OperationsMost of the offshore oil and gas industry in the Gulf of Mexico has shown considerable improvement in systemic risk management, which is now approaching a middle stage of maturity across most risk elements. Advancing Understanding of Offshore Oil and Gas Systemic Risk in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Current State and Safety Reforms Since the Macondo Well-Deepwater Horizon Blowout assesses both industry and regulatory progress against the reforms that were recommended following the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010. The report also states that progress has been uneven, and critical gaps remain in comprehensively addressing the management of systemic risk offshore.
Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact And Future Directions
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences Committee on Future Directions for Applying Behavioral Economics to PolicyBehavioral economics - a field based in collaborations among economists and psychologists - focuses on integrating a nuanced understanding of behavior into models of decision-making. Since the mid-20th century, this growing field has produced research in numerous domains and has influenced policymaking, research, and marketing. However, little has been done to assess these contributions and review evidence of their use in the policy arena. Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact and Future Directions examines the evidence for behavioral economics and its application in six public policy domains: health, retirement benefits, climate change, social safety net benefits, climate change, education, and criminal justice. The report concludes that the principles of behavioral economics are indispensable for the design of policy and recommends integrating behavioral specialists into policy development within government units. In addition, the report calls for strengthening research methodology and identifies research priorities for building on the accomplishments of the field to date.
Economics of Caring: Improving Population Health by Valuing Care Workers: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice Roundtable on Population Health ImprovementEconomic factors are an important driver of health. On December 16, 2021, the National Academies Roundtable on Population Health Improvement hosted a workshop to explore research, practices, and policies (being considered or already implemented at the federal, state, and local level) relevant to the health and economic stability of families and of workers (e.g., in the care economy). This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions.
Strengthening Equitable Community Resilience (EnCoRe) Initiative: Criteria And Guiding Principles For The Gulf Research Program's Enhancing Community Resilience (encore) Initiative
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs Committee on Criteria for Community Participation in the Gulf Research Program’s Enhancing Community Resilience (EnCoRe) InitiativeThe Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has developed a program to strengthen community resilience, the Enhancing Community Resilience (EnCoRe) initiative. EnCoRe aims to reduce inequities in health and community resilience; advance research and practice in health and community resilience; and build the capacity of communities for addressing the impacts of climate change and disasters on at-risk populations. To achieve these goals, EnCoRe will support long-term, multiyear community engagement projects that partner directly with select communities across the Gulf region and Alaska. This report develops findings and recommendations intended to help guide EnCoRe in identifying, selecting, and engaging with communities as it moves forward with the initiative. Strengthening Equitable Community Resilience examines past and current community engagement efforts and other relevant materials, particularly those that have included communities in the Gulf region and Alaska, for the purpose of identifying guiding principles and lessons learned and then develops a set of guiding principles to identify criteria for selecting the participating communities in the EnCoRe program.
Health Risk Considerations for the Use of Unencapsulated Steel Slag
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Committee on Electric Arc Furnace Slag: Understanding Human Health Risks from Unencapsulated UsesThe predominant way of making steel in the United Sates is by using an electric arc furnace (EAF) to melt scrap steel, which results in the formation of a rock-like material called slag. Among its various applications, EAF slag is used in a loose or unencapsulated form as ground cover material for residential landscaping. However, the slag generated from the EAF process can contain toxic metals, which can be hazardous to human and environmental health. This report, conducted at the request of the U.S. EPA, discusses the relative hazard of key EAF slag constituents, the extent to which they may be released into the environment, and important aspects in assessing human exposures and risk. Due to uncertainties in the current evidence stream, the report was unable to make an overall characterization of risk related to unencapsulated EAF slag use in the United States and cautions against making generalizations from conclusions in published risk assessments. The report also identifies research needs to better understand factors considered to have the potential to contribute to the highest risks from the use of unencapsulated EAF slag, such as human exposure to dust particles that may be released over time from applied slag.
Review of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Science Foundation
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy Committee on the Review of the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer Programs at the National Science FoundationThe National Science Foundation (NSF) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a quadrennial review of the NSF Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs, in accordance with a legislative mandate. Drawing on published research plus existing data, Review of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Science Foundation analyzes the effectiveness of NSF award selection process and postaward assistance; the effectiveness of the STTR program in stimulating new collaborations; the economic and noneconomic impacts of the programs; effectiveness of the programs in stimulating technological innovation and supporting small, new firms across the technological spectrum; and the role of the programs in providing early capital to firms without other significant sources of support.
Foundational Research Gaps and Future Directions for Digital Twins
by National Academy of Engineering Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Life Sciences Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics Committee on Foundational Research Gaps and Future Directions for Digital TwinsAcross multiple domains of science, engineering, and medicine, excitement is growing about the potential of digital twins to transform scientific research, industrial practices, and many aspects of daily life. A digital twin couples computational models with a physical counterpart to create a system that is dynamically updated through bidirectional data flows as conditions change. Going beyond traditional simulation and modeling, digital twins could enable improved medical decision-making at the individual patient level, predictions of future weather and climate conditions over longer timescales, and safer, more efficient engineering processes. However, many challenges remain before these applications can be realized. This report identifies the foundational research and resources needed to support the development of digital twin technologies. The report presents critical future research priorities and an interdisciplinary research agenda for the field, including how federal agencies and researchers across domains can best collaborate.
Integrating Public and Ecosystem Health Systems to Foster Resilience: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Life Sciences Board on Global Health Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Board on Atmospheric Sciences and ClimateEcosystems form the foundation upon which society can survive and thrive, providing food, water, air, materials, and recreation. These connections between people and their environments are under stress from human-driven climate change, pollution, resource exploitation, and other actions that may have implications for public health. The integral connection between nature and human health is recognized and has been explored through different bodies of work; however, because of the breadth of this issue, many implications regarding public health are not well characterized. This has created a gap in understanding the interconnections between public health and ecosystem health systems and how ecosystem resiliency may affect public health. To inform the development of a research agenda aimed at bridging the knowledge-to-action gap related to integrating public and ecological health to foster resilience, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop across three days that brought together interdisciplinary researchers and practitioners from the public health, natural resource management, and environmental protection communities to exchange knowledge, discuss critical gaps in understanding and practice, and identify promising research that could support the development of domestic and international policy and practice. Day 1 of the workshop, held on September 19, 2022, addressed the following question: What has been learned about how to integrate public health and nature into research, policy, and practice to foster resilience? Days 2 and 3, held on September 29 and 30, 2022, explored advancement opportunities in transdisciplinary and community-engaged scholarship to improve integration of public health and nature and inform policy and practice and opportunities to bridge the knowledge-to-action gap with strategies to translate knowledge into policy and practice. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework For An Evolving Field
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Health and Medicine Division Committee on Population Board on Health Sciences Policy Committee on the Use of Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry as Population Descriptors in Genomics ResearchGenetic and genomic information has become far more accessible, and research using human genetic data has grown exponentially over the past decade. Genetics and genomics research is now being conducted by a wide range of investigators across disciplines, who often use population descriptors inconsistently and/or inappropriately to capture the complex patterns of continuous human genetic variation. In response to a request from the National Institutes of Health, the National Academies assembled an interdisciplinary committee of expert volunteers to conduct a study to review and assess existing methodologies, benefits, and challenges in using race, ethnicity, ancestry, and other population descriptors in genomics research. The resulting report focuses on understanding the current use of population descriptors in genomics research, examining best practices for researchers, and identifying processes for adopting best practices within the biomedical and scientific communities.
Enhancing Urban Sustainability Infrastructure: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment Board on Mathematical Sciences and AnalyticsThe National Academies Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics and Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment convened a 3-day public workshop on July 13, 20, and 27, 2022, to explore state-of-the-art analytical tools that could advance urban sustainability through improved prioritization of public works projects. Invited speakers included people working in urban sustainability, city planning, local public and private infrastructure, asset management, and infrastructure investment; city officials and utility officials; and statisticians, data scientists, mathematicians, economists, computer scientists, and artificial intelligence/machine learning experts. Presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into new research areas that have the potential to advance urban sustainability in public works planning, as well as the barriers to their adoption. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
Building Confidence in New Evidence Streams for Human Health Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned From Laboratory Mammalian Toxicity Tests
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Committee on Variability and Relevance of Current Laboratory Mammalian Toxicity Tests and Expectations for New Approach Methods (NAMs) for use in Human Health Risk AssessmentAs part of its core mission, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with assessing the hazards and risks to human health from exposure to pollutants. While some pollutants are well studied, there are little or no data on the potential health effects for many thousands of chemicals that can make their way into the environment, such as PFAS. EPA still relies on laboratory mammalian studies as the foundation of most human health risk assessments, which are limited by high costs, long timelines, and other concerns. New approach methods (NAMs) in toxicology, for example new in vivo and in vitro strategies and computational systems biology, offer opportunities to inform timely decision-making when no data are available from laboratory mammalian toxicity tests or epidemiological studies. NAMs may also help inform efforts to protect susceptible and vulnerable populations by characterizing subtle health perturbations, better encompassing genetic diversity, and accounting for nonchemical stressors. While the promise and need for NAMs is clear, many barriers to their use remain. This report aims to bridge the gap between the potential of NAMs and their practical application in human health risk assessment. Building Confidence in New Evidence Streams for Human Health Risk Assessment draws lessons learned from laboratory mammalian toxicity tests to help inform approaches for building scientific confidence in NAMs and for incorporating such data into risk assessment and decision-making. Overall, the report recommendations aim to ensure a seamless handoff from the evaluation of NAM-based testing strategies in the laboratory to the incorporation of NAM data into modern, systematic-review-based risk assessments.
Intergenerational Poverty and Mobility Among Native Americans in the United States: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Children, Youth, and Families Committee on Policies and Programs to Reduce Intergenerational PovertyExperiencing poverty during childhood can lead to lasting harmful effects in which poverty is passed on to future generations - a cycle that disproportionately affects Native American families. To identify policies and programs that can reduce long-term, intergenerational poverty among Native Americans in the United States, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families held information-gathering sessions on July 22, 2022 and July 25, 2022. In these sessions, key historical and structural factors that lead to entrenched poverty were examined as well as promising interventions for addressing them. Importantly, these sessions included a conversation with community leaders on their experiences with and work on intergenerational poverty as well as key data and trends on this topic.
Charting a Path in a Shifting Technical and Geopolitical Landscape: Post-exascale Computing For The National Nuclear Security Administration
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Committee on Post-Exascale Computing for the National Nuclear Security AdministrationIn 2022, the United States installed its first exascale computing system for the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, with an National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) system scheduled for 2023. The DOE Exascale Computing Project (ECP)2 has developed new applications capabilities, parallelization approaches, and software tools, while co-developing the computing systems in collaboration with vendor partners. The NNSA is positioned to take full advantage of exascale computing, but demand for more computing will continue to grow beyond exascale, driven by both familiar applications and new mission drivers and new computational approaches that will use high-end computing. Visionary leaders and creativity will be needed to move existing codes to next-generation platforms, to reconsider the use of advanced computing for current and emerging mission problems, and to envision new types of computing systems, algorithmic techniques implemented in software, partnerships, and models of system acquisition. This report reviews the future of computing beyond exascale computing to meet national security needs at the National Nuclear Security Administration, including computing needs over the next 20 years that exascale computing will not support; future computing technologies for meeting those needs including quantum computing and other novel hardware, computer architecture, and software; and the likely trajectory of promising hardware and software technologies and obstacles to their development and their deployment by NNSA.
Realizing the Potential of Genomics across the Continuum of Precision Health Care: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services National Cancer Policy Forum Board on Health Sciences Policy Roundtable on Genomics and Precision HealthThe National Academies Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health, in collaboration with the National Cancer Policy Forum, hosted a public workshop that examined how genomic data are used in health care, outside of the traditional settings for clinical genetics. The workshop identified opportunities for advancement of precision health care delivery. The event also explored how patients, clinicians, and payers assess and act upon the risks and benefits of genomic screening and diagnostic testing. Discussions focused on strategies to ensure that genomic applications are responsibly and equitably adopted to benefit populations as well as individuals over time. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes content from the event.
Alternative Protein Sources: Balancing Food Innovation, Sustainability, Nutrition, And Health: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Food and Nutrition Board Food ForumAlternative protein sources, which can be derived from plant and animal cells or created by precision fermentation, can have health, environmental, socio-economic, and ethical impacts. With a variety of types of alternative proteins being developed and available on the market, consumers, regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and researchers are faced with many different considerations. The National Academies Food Forum hosted a workshop that took a multi-sector approach to explore the state of the science on alternative protein sources as they relate to issues around diet quality, nutrition, and sustainability. The workshop also examined how alternative protein food processing innovations can be balanced in a way that optimizes nutritional content, affordability, and accessibility. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop.
Tipping Points, Cascading Impacts, and Interacting Risks in the Earth System: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Committee on Tipping Points, Cascading Impacts, and Interacting Risks in the Earth System: A WorkshopEarth is a complex system, with myriad interactions and feedbacks among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, as well as the people, institutions, and technologies that respond to and influence these dynamics. A systems-based approach to scientific research can yield understanding across all aspects of Earth's interconnected processes. Earth systems studies rest on careful analyses of physical, chemical, biological, and behavioral processes and their interactions and feedbacks; these studies are supported by observational platforms, laboratory and modeling facilities, a skilled scientific workforce, and the cyberinfrastructure that connects them to enable new breakthroughs. This workshop was organized to explore the approaches to Earth systems science through the lens of a critical topic - tipping points - and to cultivate cross-disciplinary collaborations and prime new research communities to discuss examples of research needs in a broader context of Earth systems science. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
Climate Security in South Asia: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Environmental Change and Society Intelligence Community Studies Board Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Climate Security RoundtableThe South Asia region presents a confluence of major climate impacts and key security issues. From a weather and climate standpoint, the region experiences a wide range of hazards, such as the recent heatwaves, droughts, storms, and floods that have upended the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. From a demographic and socioeconomic standpoint, the region is experiencing rapid transformations and progress, even as fundamental challenges such as poverty and inequality persist. From a security standpoint, the region is the setting for a range of social and political dynamics that impact U.S. interests, including conflict at national and subnational levels; regional rivalries; and the imprint of global geopolitics. On October 26-27, 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, under the auspices of the National Academies Climate Security Roundtable, convened a workshop to explore climate security in South Asia. Over two days, workshop participants considered some of the underlying climate, development, and geopolitical dynamics at play in the South Asia region; explored a set of historical case studies and future scenarios for climate change and security in South Asia; and they considered the available tools for analysis and forecasting climate-related risks. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
2022 Assessment of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory
by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Laboratory Assessments Board Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineThe U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Amy Research Laboratory (ARL) focuses on cutting-edge scientific discovery, technological innovation, and transition of knowledge products that offer great potential to strengthen the U.S. Army. The mission of the ARL is to operationalize science for transformational overmatch in support of persistent Army modernization. At the request of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, this report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical quality of the ARL, with findings and recommendations related to the quality of ARL research, development, and analysis programs.
Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Forum on Traumatic Brain InjuryThe National Academies Forum on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) convened a workshop in September 2022 to explore biomarkers used to more precisely and objectively diagnose and categorize suspected TBIs. Session discussions addressed developments in TBI biomarker classes including neuroimaging, blood-based, electrophysiological, and other physiological markers; how biomarkers may be used to better guide and monitor treatment after injury; and how they can be used to refine future research studies. Speakers also discussed potential impacts of biomarkers across the trajectory of TBI care and research, efforts to translate and incorporate biomarkers from research settings into clinical practice, and opportunities to advance the field. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions from the event.
Pathways to an Equitable and Just Energy Transition: Principles, Best Practices, and Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement: Proceedings of a Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Transportation Research Board Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Environmental Change and Society Division on Earth and Life Studies Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Board on Energy and Environmental Systems Committee on Accelerating Decarbonization in the United States: Technology, Policy, and Societal DimensionsWhile technologies are clearly instrumental in transitioning away from fossil fuel-based energy and toward a decarbonized economy, decisions about which technologies are prioritized, how they are implemented, and the policies that drive these changes will have profound effects on people and communities, with important implications for equity, jobs, environmental and energy justice, health, and more. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Accelerating Decarbonization in the United States: Technology, Policy, and Societal Dimensions was tasked with assessing the broad range of technological, policy, and societal dimensions of decarbonizing the U.S. economy. The committee produced a 2021 report that provides the U.S. government with a roadmap of equitable and robust decarbonization policies. The next report of the committee will address the broader range of policy actors who play a role in equitable energy transition. To inform its deliberations, the committee hosted a 1-day workshop on July 26, 2022 to discuss critical issues of equity and justice during the energy transition. The goal of the workshop, titled Pathways to an Equitable and Just Transition: Principles, Best Practices, and Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement, was to move beyond energy technologies and elicit ideas and insights to inform the development of principles, best practices, and actionable recommendations for a broad range of policy actors and stakeholders in order to fully operationalize equity, justice, and inclusion. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Exploring Sleep Disturbance in Central Nervous System Disorders: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Sciences Policy Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System DisordersChronic sleep disorders affect one in five Americans, and sleep deprivation costs significant U.S. GDP loss annually. Despite the indisputable biological importance of sleep, much remains unknown about underlying mechanisms. The National Academies Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a public workshop in November 2022. Experts and leaders from academia, industry, government, philanthropic foundations, and disease-focused non-profit organizations gathered to review current sleep science, examine the relationships between central nervous system disorders and sleep, identify potential cross-disciplinary collaborations, and discuss opportunities to better understand and mitigate sleep disturbances commonly associated with CNS disorders. This proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions.
Advances in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Disabling Physical Health Conditions
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Board on Health Care Services Committee on Identifying New or Improved Diagnostic or Evaluative TechniquesThe U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides benefits to adults and children who meet the eligibility requirements for a disability as described in Title II and Title XVI of the Social Security Act. To determine whether more accurate or precise techniques exist for determining if a previously evaluated physical impairment is either more or less severe, SSA requested the National Academies assemble a committee to review new or improved diagnostic or evaluative techniques that have become generally available within the past 30 years for cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, hematological, and digestive conditions. The resulting report presents a summary of the evidence and information around a selected subset of diagnostic and evaluative techniques.
Translating Knowledge of Foundational Drivers of Obesity into Practice: Proceedings Of A Workshop Series
by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Health and Medicine Division Food and Nutrition Board Roundtable on Obesity SolutionsThe National Academies Roundtable on Obesity Solutions hosted an April, July, and October, 2022 workshop series to explore the gaps in knowledge within the foundational drivers of obesity. Facilitating action will require improved health communication, deconstructing structural racism, and recognizing the biased mental models and social norms at odds with obesity solutions. Speakers discussed future research in evidence-based solutions and potential ways to translate current evidence into practice. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop.