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Variations of the Welfare State
by Franz-Xaver KaufmannIn the burgeoning literature on welfare regimes and typologies, this comparative study offers a stimulating new perspective. Kaufmann, the doyen of the sociology of social policy in Germany, emphasizes norms, culture and history, in contrast to political economy approaches. Comparing Britain, Sweden, France and Germany, Kaufmann highlights the "idiosyncrasy" of each welfare state: countries are compared with regard to their state traditions and the relationship between state and civil society; their national "social questions"; their economic systems, including the unions and labour law; social security and redistribution; and their personal social services and education. The socio-cultural approach enables Kaufmann to show that not all modern states are welfare states. Some are just "capitalism" (the USA), others are "socialism" (the former Soviet Union). In this light, the (essentially North-West European) welfare state is portrayed as a third way between capitalism and socialism.
The Rise and Fall of a Socialist Welfare State: The German Democratic Republic (1949-1990) and German Unification (1989-1994)
by Gerhard A. Ritter Manfred G. SchmidtThis book provides a comprehensive analysis of social policy in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, 1949-1990), followed by an analysis of the "Social Union", the transformation of social policy in the process of German unification in 1990. Schmidt's analysis of the GDR also depicts commonalities and differences between the welfare state in East and West Germany as well as in other East European and Western countries. He concludes that the GDR was unable to cope with the trade-off between ambitious social policy goals and a deteriorating economic performance. Ritter embeds his analysis of the Social Union in a general study of German unification, its international circumstances and its domestic repercussions (1989-1994). He argues that social policy played a pivotal role in German unification, and that there was no alternative to extending the West German welfare state to the East. Ritter, a distinguished historian, bases his contribution on an award-winning study for which he drew on archival sources and interviews with key actors. Schmidt is a distinguished political scientist.
Social Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Constitution of the Social
by Hans F. ZacherThis book investigates the history of the post-war welfare state in Germany and its normative foundations, with special emphasis on constitutional issues. The author, formerly Director of the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Social Law, Munich, and President of the Max-Planck-Society, argues that social policy - not only in Germany - is about struggles over the "social". The "social" is an open and changing concept that reflects the modern quest for equality, voiced in semantics like justice, participation, inclusion and security. The "social" and the "social state" (the German term for welfare state) are enshrined in the German Constitution of 1949, the Grundgesetz. The book sets out the phases of welfare state development in depth. Social policies are analyzed in view of wider contexts, especially the nation state, the rule of law (Rechtsstaat), federalism and democracy. The author emphasizes the dialectics between the national character of the welfare state and its manifold international references.
Origins of the German Welfare State
by Michael StolleisThis book traces the origins of the German welfare state. The author, formerly director at the Max-Planck-Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt, provides a perceptive overview of the history of social security and social welfare in Germany from early modern times to the end of World War II, including Bismarck's pioneering introduction of social insurance in the 1880s. The author unravels "layers" of social security that have piled up in the course of history and, so he argues, still linger in the present-day welfare state. The account begins with the first efforts by public authorities to regulate poverty and then proceeds to the "social question" that arose during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution. World War I had a major impact on the development of social security, both during the war and after, through the exigencies of the war economy, inflation and unemployment. The ruptures as well as the continuities of social policy under National Socialism and World War II are also investigated.
Regulatory RNAs
by Zhumur Ghosh Bibekanand MallickRecent progress in high-throughput technologies and genome wide transcriptome studies have lead to a significant scientific milestone of discovering non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which spans through a major portion of the genome. These RNAs most often act as riboregulators, and actively participate in the regulation of important cellular functions at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels rather than simply being an intermediated messenger between DNA and proteins. As the appreciation for the importance of ncRNAs continues to emerge, it is also increasingly clear that these play critical roles in gene regulatory processes during development and differentiation. Further, regulatory RNAs are useful biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases. Hence these RNA regulators are essential to the development of therapeutics. This book on "Regulatory RNAs" offers a comprehensive view on our current understanding of these regulatory RNAs viz. siRNA, miRNA, piRNA, snoRNA, long non-coding RNA, small RNA etc. It addresses both the biogenesis and mechanism of action of regulatory RNAs with a primary focus on their annotation, experimental methodologies (microarray, next-gen sequencing etc.) for their discovery, computational tools for their prediction, and above all, applications of these revolutionary regulatory molecules in understanding biological systems and diseases, including therapeutics. This comprehensive volume is intended for readers with research or teaching interests in ncRNA biology and will provide a major information resource on current research in the fast-moving fields of RNA and gene expression regulation. Cutting-edge and concise, "Regulatory RNAs: Basics, Methods and Applications" promises to support vital research in the field of regulatory RNAs, ever-continuing to grow rapidly and gain increasing importance in basic and translational biology.
Regulatory RNAs: Basics, Methods and Applications
by Bibekanand Mallick and Zhumur GhoshRecent progress in high-throughput technologies and genome wide transcriptome studies have lead to a significant scientific milestone of discovering non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which spans through a major portion of the genome. These RNAs most often act as riboregulators, and actively participate in the regulation of important cellular functions at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels rather than simply being an intermediated messenger between DNA and proteins. As the appreciation for the importance of ncRNAs continues to emerge, it is also increasingly clear that these play critical roles in gene regulatory processes during development and differentiation. Further, regulatory RNAs are useful biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases. Hence these RNA regulators are essential to the development of therapeutics. This book on “Regulatory RNAs” offers a comprehensive view on our current understanding of these regulatory RNAs viz. siRNA, miRNA, piRNA, snoRNA, long non-coding RNA, small RNA etc. It addresses both the biogenesis and mechanism of action of regulatory RNAs with a primary focus on their annotation, experimental methodologies (microarray, next-gen sequencing etc.) for their discovery, computational tools for their prediction, and above all, applications of these revolutionary regulatory molecules in understanding biological systems and diseases, including therapeutics. This comprehensive volume is intended for readers with research or teaching interests in ncRNA biology and will provide a major information resource on current research in the fast-moving fields of RNA and gene expression regulation. Cutting-edge and concise, “Regulatory RNAs: Basics, Methods and Applications” promises to support vital research in the field of regulatory RNAs, ever-continuing to grow rapidly and gain increasing importance in basic and translational biology.
Long-Term Field Studies of Primates
by Peter M. Kappeler David P. WattsSome primate field studies have been on-going for decades, covering significant portions of individual life cycles or even multiple generations. In this volume, leading field workers report on the history and infrastructure of their projects in Madagascar, Africa, Asia and South America. More importantly, they provide summaries of their long-term research efforts on primate behaviour, ecology and life history, highlighting insights that were only possible because of the long-term nature of the study. The chapters of this volume collectively outline the many scientific reasons for studying primate behaviour, ecology and demography over multiple generations. This kind of research is typically necessitated by the relatively slow life histories of primates. Moreover, a complete understanding of social organization and behaviour, factors often influenced by rare but important events, requires long-term data collection. Finally, long-term field projects are also becoming increasingly important foci of local conservation activities.
Teaching and Learning in Information Retrieval
by Andrew Macfarlane Juan F. Huete Juan M. Fernández-Luna Efthimis EfthimiadisInformation Retrieval has become a very active research field in the 21st century. Many from academia and industry present their innovations in the field in a wide variety of conferences and journals. Companies transfer this new knowledge directly to the general public via services such as web search engines in order to improve their information seeking experience. In parallel, teaching IR is turning into an important aspect of IR generally, not only because it is necessary to impart effective search techniques to make the most of the IR tools available, but also because we must provide a good foundation for those students who will become the driving force of future IR technologies. There are very few resources for teaching and learning in IR, the major problem which this book is designed to solve. The objective is to provide ideas and practical experience of teaching and learning IR, for those whose job requires them to teach in one form or another, and where delivering IR courses is a major part of their working lives. In this context of providing a higher profile for teaching and learning as applied to IR, the co-editor of this book, Efthimis Efthimiathis, had maintained a leading role in teaching and learning within the domain of IR for a number of years. This book represents a posthumous example of his efforts in the area, as he passed away in April 2011. This book, his book, is dedicated to his memory.
Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia
by Dietrich Klemm Rosemarie KlemmThe book presents the historical evolution of gold mining activities in the Egyptian and Nubian Desert (Sudan) from about 4000 BC until the Early Islamic Period (~800-1350 AD), subdivided into the main classical epochs including the Early Dynastic - Old and Middle Kingdoms - New Kingdom (including Kushitic) - Ptolemaic - Roman and Early Islamic. It is illustrated with many informative colour images, maps and drawings. An up to date comprehensive geological introduction gives a general overview on the gold production zones in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and northern (Nubian) Sudan, including the various formation processes of the gold bearing quartz veins mined in these ancient periods. The more than 250 gold production sites presented, are described both, from their archaeological (as far as surface inventory is concerned) and geological environmental conditions, resulting in an evolution scheme of prospection and mining methods within the main periods of mining activities. The book offers for the first time a complete catalogue of the many gold production sites in Egypt and Nubia under geological and archaeological aspects. It provides information about the importance of gold for the Pharaohs and the spectacular gold rush in Early Arab times.
Organizational Interoperability in E-Government: Lessons from 77 European Good-Practice Cases
by Herbert Kubicek Hans Jochen Scholl Ralf CimanderIn the e-government research community as well as in many national e-government programs, interoperability is widely seen as a key factor in developing effective and attractive e-services. There is also agreement that interoperability encompasses not only mere technical standards and interfaces, but also includes organizational, legal, and cultural aspects. Several interoperability frameworks have been introduced on national and international levels, and recommendations have been made for the adaptation of enterprise architectures in the public sector. Common to all these approaches is their top-down deductive procedure, which does not connect very well to the real world of e-government projects. In contrast, in this volume, which is based on empirical research, the authors introduce a bottom-up inductive approach to deal with the challenges of interoperability-related governance. Based on so-called "good-practice" cases of interoperability in e-government, they derive concepts and classifications that help to uncover and assess similarities and differences between the cases. As a result, they present an empirically based conceptual framework that details the options for IT governance of interoperability in government. In addition, their findings also make it possible to critically assess and improve other existing frameworks. With this work, which combines different thematic foci as well as a European and a US background the authors situate empirical results in the broader context of theoretical and political reflection. Thus they provide insights into strategic choices for CIOs in e-government at a national or regional level, experiences and lessons learned for managers and developers in e-government projects, and a huge set of empirical data for administrative and political scientists.
Chemical Evolution of Galaxies (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library #253)
by Francesca MatteucciThe term "chemical evolution of galaxies" refers to the evolution of abundances of chemical species in galaxies, which is due to nuclear processes occurring in stars and to gas flows into and out of galaxies. This book deals with the chemical evolution of galaxies of all morphological types (ellipticals, spirals and irregulars) and stresses the importance of the star formation histories in determining the properties of stellar populations in different galaxies. The topic is approached in a didactical and logical manner via galaxy evolution models which are compared with observational results obtained in the last two decades: The reader is given an introduction to the concept of chemical abundances and learns about the main stellar populations in our Galaxy as well as about the classification of galaxy types and their main observables. In the core of the book, the construction and solution of chemical evolution models are discussed in detail, followed by descriptions and interpretations of observations of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way, spheroidal galaxies, irregular galaxies and of cosmic chemical evolution. The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to students as well as to amend our present ideas in research; the book also summarizes the efforts made by authors in the past several years in order to further future research in the field.
Im Netz der Nachricht
by Thomas Holzinger Martin SturmerDie beiden Kommunikationsprofis zeichnen in ihrem Roman ein Sittenbild der aktuellen Medienlandschaft und liefern zugleich ein Beispiel dafür, wie die "Newsroom-Strategie" in der Unternehmenskommunikation umgesetzt werden kann. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Nachricht als ältester und schwierigster Teil der menschlichen Massenkommunikation: knapp, schnell und bedeutend. Die moderne Kommunikationsabteilung wird zum Newsroom, der multimedial und grenzenlos agiert und alle Zielgruppen auf allen Plattformen bedient - von der Lokalzeitung bis Twitter.
Im Netz der Nachricht: Die Newsroom-Strategie als PR-Roman
by Thomas Holzinger Martin SturmerDie beiden Kommunikationsprofis zeichnen in ihrem Roman ein Sittenbild der aktuellen Medienlandschaft und liefern zugleich ein Beispiel dafür, wie die „Newsroom-Strategie“ in der Unternehmenskommunikation umgesetzt werden kann. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Nachricht als ältester und schwierigster Teil der menschlichen Massenkommunikation: knapp, schnell und bedeutend. Die moderne Kommunikationsabteilung wird zum Newsroom, der multimedial und grenzenlos agiert und alle Zielgruppen auf allen Plattformen bedient – von der Lokalzeitung bis Twitter.
Retail Category Management
by Alexander HübnerRetail shelf management means cost-efficiently aligning retail operations with consumer demand. As consumers expect high product availability and low prices, and retailers are constantly increasing product variety and striving towards high service levels, the complexity of managing retail business and its operations is growing enormously. Retailers need to match consumer demand with shelf supply by balancing variety (number of products) and service levels (number of items of a product), and by optimizing demand and profit through carefully calibrated prices. As a result the core strategic decisions a retailer must make involve assortment sizes, shelf space assignment and pricing levels. Rigorous quantitative methods have emerged as the most promising solution to this problem. The individual chapters in this book therefore focus on three areas: (1) combining assortment and shelf space planning, (2) providing efficient decision support systems for practically relevant problem sizes, and (3) integrating inventory and price optimization into shelf management.
eHealth: Legal, Ethical and Governance Challenges
by Carlisle George Diane Whitehouse Penny DuquenoyThis publication identifies and discusses important challenges affecting eHealth in the EU and North America in the three areas of law, ethics and governance. It makes meaningful contributions to the eHealth discourse by suggesting solutions and making recommendations for good practice and potential ways forward. Legal challenges discussed include issues related to electronic medical records, telemedicine, the Internet and pharmaceutical drugs, healthcare information systems and medical liability. Ethical challenges focus on telehealth and service delivery in the home, Web 2.0 and the Internet, patient perceptions and ethical frameworks. Governance challenges focus on IT governance in healthcare, governance and decision-making in acute care hospitals, and different models of eHealth governance. The publication provides useful support materials and readings for persons active in developing current understandings of the legal, ethical and governance challenges involved in the eHealth context.
Die Zukunft der Psychotherapie
by Peter FiedlerDie Zukunft der Psychotherapie: von der Diskussion zur Patientenorientierung Therapieforscher sind sich einig, dass sich innerhalb einer Therapieschule niemals alle Patienten gleichermaßen erfolgreich behandeln lassen. Wegen des Festhaltens am Therapieschulendenken jedoch wurde bisher selten die Frage der selektiven Indikation systematisch geprüft: Könnte es nicht sein, dass jene Patienten, denen eine Therapieform nicht weiter hilft, ein anderes Therapieverfahren mit Erfolg absolvieren könnten? An der Heidelberger Universität sieht man die schulenübergreifende Notwendigkeit der Veränderung von Therapiekonzepten in Bezug auf die Grundlagenforschung - in dieser Tradition sieht man sich im Dienste der Patienten. Renommierte Praktiker und Wissenschaftler mit innovativer Integrationsperspektive Dieses Buch trägt aus verschiedenen Perspektiven einer störungsspezifischen ätiologischen und epidemiologischen Forschung in Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychosomatik Ideen zusammen, wie die Psychotherapie der Zukunft aussehen könnte. - Die Zukunft der Psychotherapie - Perspektiven - Klinische Psychologie - Psychopathologie - Neurobiologie - Geschlechtsspezifik - Persönlichkeitspsychologie - Kindheit und Jugend - Entwicklungspsychologie des höheren Alters - Fazit: Blick zurück in die Zukunft. Die beteiligten Autorinnen und Autoren: Peter Fiedler, Reiner Bastine, Christoph Mundt, Sabine C. Herpertz, Annette Kämmerer, Sven Barnow, Simone Lang, Franz Resch, Elke Ahlsdorf, Gerd Rudolf. Dabei ist keine Streitschrift entstanden, sondern eine kollegiale Anregung zum Überdenken von therapeutischer Arbeit und zu erforschenden Grundannahmen. Geschrieben für Psychologische und ärztliche Psychotherapeuten, Psychologen, Psychiater, Psychosomatiker, Studierende und Lehrende der Fächer. Ein gut lesbares, anregendes Lesebuch für psychologisch tätige Praktiker
Aggression und Gewalt von Kindern und Jugendlichen: Hintergründe und Praxis
by Franz Petermann Ute KoglinPsychologische Hilfe: Aggression und Gewalt von Kindern und Jugendlichen Das Thema Aggression und Gewalt verliert nicht an Aktualität, sondern ist aufgrund seiner gesellschaftlichen Relevanz seit Jahrzehnten ein hoch aktuelles Thema. Vor allem das Jugendalter stellt dabei einen besonders sensiblen Entwicklungsabschnitt dar, in dem aggressiv-dissoziales Verhalten ansteigt und extreme Formen annehmen kann. Im öffentlichen Bewusstsein scheinen zunehmend immer jüngere Kinder und Jugendliche sehr schwerwiegendes aggressiv-dissoziales Verhalten zu zeigen. Medien greifen das auf. Psychologen sind gefragt. Neueste empirische Forschungsergebnisse und fundierte Praxis Dieses Buch befasst sich mit den verschiedenen Aspekten, die Psychologen stützend beitragen können: Bedeutung von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren bei aggressiv-dissozialem Verhalten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen - Erkenntnis und präzise Risikoabschätzung aus aktuellen Studien in den Bereichen Bullying, PC-/Video-Spiele, sexuelle Gewalt bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen - Wirksame Programme gegen Aggression und Gewalt, vor allem im Kindes- und Jugendalter - Maßnahmen für junge Kinder und ihre Familien, z.B. soziale Kompetenztrainings - Neue Maßnahmen für Hoch-Risiko-Gruppen im Jugendalter. Ein Buch für alle, die in ihrer Arbeit mit dem Thema Aggression und Gewalt bei Kindern und Jugendlichen konfrontiert sind und fundierte Hintergrundinformationen und Praxishinweise suchen. Geschrieben für Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten, Schulpsychologen, Mitarbeiter in Beratungsstellen, Kinderärzte, aber auch Studierende der Psychologie, Pädagogik und Medizin (Kinderheilkunde). Gut lesbar, gut strukturiert, mit vielen Fallbeispielen und Praxishinweisen
Business Aspects of Web Services
by Benjamin Blau Christof Weinhardt Wibke Michalk Lilia Filipova-Neumann Thomas Meinl Tobias ConteDriven by maturing Web service technologies and the wide acceptance of the service-oriented architecture paradigm, the software industry's traditional business models and strategies have begun to change: software vendors are turning into service providers. In addition, in the Web service market, a multitude of small and highly specialized providers offer modular services of almost any kind and economic value is created through the interplay of various distributed service providers that jointly contribute to form individualized and integrated solutions. This trend can be optimally catalyzed by universally accessible service orchestration platforms - service value networks (SVNs) - which are the underlying organizational form of the coordination mechanisms presented in this book. Here, the authors focus on providing comprehensive business-oriented insights into today's trends and challenges that stem from the transition to a service-led economy. They investigate current and future Web service business models and provide a framework for Web service value networks. Pricing mechanism basics are introduced and applied to the specific area of SVNs. Strategies for platform providers are analyzed from the viewpoint of a single provider, and so are pricing mechanisms in service value networks which are optimal from a network perspective. The extended concept of pricing Web service derivatives is also illustrated. The presentation concludes with a vision of how Web service markets in the future could be structured and what further developments can be expected to happen. This book will be of interest to researchers in business development and practitioners such as managers of SMEs in the service sector, as well as computer scientists familiar with Web technologies. The book's comprehensive content provides readers with a thorough understanding of the organizational, economic and technical implications of dealing with Web services as the nucleus of modern business models, which can be applied to Web services in general and Web service value networks specifically..
The Paleogene and Neogene of Western Iberia (Portugal)
by João PaisThis volume includes a general description of the Portuguese Cenozoic basins in the Iberian tectonic context. The main stratigraphic units, including sedimentological, stratigraphical and palaeontological data, are characterized. Correlations between different sectors are presented as well as general paleogeographical evolution maps. The volume includes a general bibliography concerning the Cenozoic of Portugal.
Odyssee im Zeptoraum
by Gian Francesco GiudiceDer Band lädt Leser ein, die Teilchenphysik mit den Augen eines Insiders zu betrachten, dadurch bieten sich neue Einblicke in die Welt der Teilchen und ihrer Wechselwirkungen. Aufschlussreich und unterhaltsam thematisieren die Autoren die Geschichte des Large Hadron Collider (LHC) und erläutern die mit dem LHC verknüpften wissenschaftlichen Fragen: Existiert das mysteriöse Higgs-Teilchen wirklich? Erstreckt sich der Raum in zusätzliche Dimensionen? Das Buch verhilft dazu, die Entdeckungen der kommenden Jahre mitzuverfolgen und nachzuvollziehen.
Odyssee im Zeptoraum: Eine Reise in die Physik des LHC
by Gian Francesco GiudiceDer Band lädt Leser ein, die Teilchenphysik mit den Augen eines Insiders zu betrachten, dadurch bieten sich neue Einblicke in die Welt der Teilchen und ihrer Wechselwirkungen. Aufschlussreich und unterhaltsam thematisieren die Autoren die Geschichte des Large Hadron Collider (LHC) und erläutern die mit dem LHC verknüpften wissenschaftlichen Fragen: Existiert das mysteriöse Higgs-Teilchen wirklich? Erstreckt sich der Raum in zusätzliche Dimensionen? Das Buch verhilft dazu, die Entdeckungen der kommenden Jahre mitzuverfolgen und nachzuvollziehen.
Information Sharing and Data Protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
by Franziska BoehmPrivacy and data protection in police work and law enforcement cooperation has always been a challenging issue. Current developments in EU internal security policy, such as increased information sharing (which includes the exchange of personal data between European law enforcement agencies and judicial actors in the area of freedom, security and justice (Europol, Eurojust, Frontex and OLAF)) and the access of EU agencies, in particular Europol and Eurojust, to data stored in European information systems such as the SIS (II), VIS, CIS or Eurodac raise interesting questions regarding the balance between the rights of individuals and security interests. This book deals with the complexity of the relations between these actors and offers for the first time a comprehensive overview of the structures for information exchange in the area of freedom, security and justice and their compliance with data protection rules in this field.
Organelle Genetics
by Charles E. BullerwellMitochondria and chloroplasts are eukaryotic organelles that evolved from bacterial ancestors and harbor their own genomes. The gene products of these genomes work in concert with those of the nuclear genome to ensure proper organelle metabolism and biogenesis. This book explores the forces that have shaped the evolution of organelle genomes and the expression of the genes encoded by them. Some striking examples of trends in organelle evolution explored here are the reduction in genome size and gene coding content observed in most lineages, the complete loss of organelle DNA in certain lineages, and the unusual modes of gene expression that have emerged, such as the extensive and essential mRNA editing that occurs in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. This book places particular emphasis on the current techniques used to study the evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression.
Phase Interaction in the Metal - Oxide Melts - Gas -System
by Mikhail Shalimov Michael Zinigrad Vladislav Boronenkov Edward Pastukhov Leopold Leontiev Sergey ShanchurovThis monograph describes mathematical models that enable prediction of phase compositions for various technological processes, as developed on the base of a complex physico-chemical analysis of reaction. It studies thermodynamics and kinetics of specific stages of complex pyrometallurgical processes involving boron, carbon, sulfur, tungsten, phosphorus, and many more, as well as their exposure to all sorts of factors. First and foremost, this enables to optimize processes and technologies at the stage of design, while traditional empirical means of development of new technologies are basically incapable of providing an optimal solution. Simulation results of metals and alloys production, welding and coating technologies allow obtaining materials with pre-given composition, structure and properties in a cost-saving and conscious manner. Moreover, a so-called "inverse problem", i.e., selecting source materials which would ensure the required results, cannot be solved by any other means.
Network Reliability and Resilience
by Ilya Gertsbakh Yoseph ShpunginThis book is devoted to the probabilistic description of the behavior of a network in the process of random removal of its components (links, nodes) appearing as a result of technical failures, natural disasters or intentional attacks. It is focused on a practical approach to network reliability and resilience evaluation, based on applications of Monte Carlo methodology to numerical approximation of network combinatorial invariants, including so-called multidimensional destruction spectra. This allows to develop a probabilistic follow-up analysis of the network in the process of its gradual destruction, to identify most important network components and to develop efficient heuristic algorithms for network optimal design. Our methodology works with satisfactory accuracy and efficiency for most applications of reliability theory to real -life problems in networks.