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Totalitarianism (Key Concepts in Political Theory)
by David D. RobertsLess than a century old, the concept of totalitarianism is one of the most controversial in political theory, with some proposing to abandon it altogether. In this accessible, wide-ranging introduction, David Roberts addresses the grounds for skepticism and shows that appropriately recast—as an aspiration and direction, rather than a system of domination—totalitarianism is essential for understanding the modern political universe. Surveying the career of the concept from the 1920s to today, Roberts shows how it might better be applied to the three ""classic"" regimes of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and the Stalinist Soviet Union. Extending totalitarianism’s reach into the twenty-first century, he then examines how Communist China, Vladimir Putin's Russia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS), and the threat of the technological “surveillance state” can be conceptualized in the totalitarian tradition. Roberts shows that although the term has come to have overwhelmingly negative connotations, some have enthusiastically pursued a totalitarian direction—and not simply for power, control, or domination. This volume will be essential reading for any student, scholar or reader interested in how totalitarianism does, and could, shape our modern political world.
Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura
by Saladdin AhmedWe live today within a system in which state and corporate power aim to render space flat, transparent, and uniform, for only then can it be truly controlled. The gaze of power and the commodity form are capable of infiltrating even the darkest of corners, and often, we invite them into our most private spaces. We do so as a matter of convenience, but also to placate ourselves and cope with the alienation inherent in our everyday lives. The resulting dominant space can best be termed totalitarian. It is space stripped of uniqueness, deprived of the "spatial aura" necessary for authentic experience. In Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura, Saladdin Ahmed sets out to help us grasp what has been lost before no trace remains. He draws attention to that which we might prefer not to see, but despite the bleakness of this indictment of reality, the book also offers a message of hope. Namely, it is only once we comprehend the magnitude of the threat to our spatial experience and our own complicity in sustaining this system that we can begin to resist the totalizing forces at work.
Totalitarian Dictatorship: New Histories (Routledge Studies in Modern European History #19)
by Mark Edele Giuseppe Finaldi Daniela BaratieriThis volume takes a comparative approach, locating totalitarianism in the vastly complex web of fragmented pasts, diverse presents and differently envisaged futures to enhance our understanding of this fraught era in European history. It shows that no matter how often totalitarian societies spoke of and imagined their subjects as so many slates to be wiped clean and re-written on, older identities, familial loyalties and the enormous resilience of the individual (or groups of individuals) meant that the almost impossible demands of their regimes needed to be constantly transformed, limited and recast.
Totalitarian Democracy and After (Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions)
by Yehoshua Arieli Nathan RotenstreichThis volume, first published in 1984, contains the principal papers from a distinguished colloquium held in 1982. Its avowed purpose is to investigate further the notion of "totalitarian democracy" and to look at its repercussions in the contemporary world.
Totalitarian Capitalism and Beyond
by George LiodakisAnchored in contemporary debates on capitalism and political economy, this study reconsiders the major trends which are currently shaping a new stage of capitalism. With chapters examining globalization, the role of technology and environmental degradation, George Liodakis constructs a politico-economic approach on contemporary capitalism from within a classical Marxist framework of political economy. The volume provides a fitting balance between theory and empirical evidence and significantly enriches the existing scholarship on contemporary capitalism and the potential for social change. This is an important contribution to those interested in international political economy, in particular with developing a new political strategy for going beyond capitalism: a 'reinvention' of a communist perspective.
Totale communicatie
by Esther Oskam Wilma ScheresEen boek over het communiceren met mensen met een verstandelijke en/of communicatieve handicap via Totale Communicatie. Dit is een manier van communiceren waarbij de omgeving zich aanpast aan het communicatieniveau, de mogelijkheden van de cliënt. Gebruik wordt gemaakt van zowel gebarentaal als van gesproken taal. Het boek is voor hulpverleners, begeleiders en ouders die zich willen verdiepen in Totale Communicatie. Het boek beschrijft de 'Weerklankmethodiek', dit is een methodiek om de mogelijkheden voor communicatie van de cliënt in kaart te brengen en voor de cliënt een programma van communicatie op maat te ontwikkelen. Er wordt beschreven hoe met allerlei communicatiemiddelen gewerkt kan worden zoals een klok, een levensboek en diverse communicatieborden. Het boek bevat ook een gebarencursus die gaat over basisgebaren die een rol spelen bij het dagelijkse leven. De auteurs zijn orthopedagoog/psycholoog en werken bij de Koninklijke Effatha Guyot Groep. In de tweede druk (2005) werden nieuwe ontwikkelingen en inzichten verwerkt; daarvan is dit een ongewijzigde druk.
TotalEnergies' Investment in Hyzon Motors
by David Lane Vikram GandhiIn November 2021, Girish Nadkarni, the head of TotalEnergies' corporate venture capital arm (TEV) was considering whether, and on what terms, to exit an investment in Hyzon Motors, a start-up supplier of hydrogen-powered trucks. TEV had invested $4 million in Hyzon, which had gone public in July 2021 with a $2.7 billion valuation. Nadkarni was now eager to take TEV's gains, but recognized the potential harm that selling TEV's Hyzon shares could cause. Market observers might interpret TEV's exit not as profit-taking but as an early investor's lack of confidence in Hyzon's prospects. Further, TotalEnergies had signed an MOU with Hyzon to bring 80 trucks to Europe-the goal was to demonstrate for its truck fleet customers the viability of hydrogen as a viable replacement fuel for the diesel it already supplied. Selling the Hyzon shares might convey the opposite message.
Total-Body PET/CT: Prospective Clinical Applications
by Hongcheng Shi Guobing Liu Yiqiu Zhang Hui Tan Pengcheng HuThis book systemically introduces physical properties and clinical applications of total-body PET/CT. Firstly, based on the results of a comparative study between total-body PET/CT and conventional digital PET/CT, the feasibility and diagnostic efficacy of rapid scanning are overviewed. Following chapters present the unique value of total-body PET/CT dynamic acquisition in pharmacokinetic research and its potential advantages, feasibility and optimized imaging of half-dose and one-tenth-dose total-body PET/CT scans. In addition, new technologies that are still being explored and perfected, such as gating technology and ultra-low dose CT are also included. It will be a useful reference for nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists who are interested in total body PET/CT.
Total, Subtotal and Proximal Gastrectomy in Cancer
by Walter SiquiniThis richly illustrated volume describes the performance of total and subtotal gastrectomy with extended D2 lymphadenectomy by providing a detailed step-by-step guide to both manual and mechanical procedures. Gastric cancer is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer and the second most common cancer-related cause of death worldwide, and surgery remains the only potentially curative treatment. Although several aspects of surgical management are still controversial, all guidelines for the treatment of curable gastric cancer recommend subtotal gastrectomy (for tumors located in the antrum and corpus) or total gastrectomy (for tumors located in the fundus) with extended D2 lymphadenectomy. Various technical tips and secrets are revealed that serve to simplify the procedure and simultaneously make it more effective: by rendering esophagojejunal and gastrojejunal anastomosis more secure, the risk of leakage is minimized. High-quality intraoperative color photographs and drawings covering all steps facilitate understanding of these complex operations and will prove an invaluable tool for surgeons, residents and professionals in the field.
Total allergisch - na und?: Das Mutmacherbuch bei Neurodermitis, Heuschnupfen, Asthma & Co
by Daniela HalmJuckreiz, Niesattacken, Atemnot – wer allergisch ist, kennt diese Symptome und auch den Frust, dass es schon wieder losgeht, mit dem Heuschnupfen, mit einem Neurodermitisschub oder einer allergischen Reaktion auf Lebensmittel. Dabei gibt es viele Tipps und Tricks für den Alltag, um Allergien in den Griff zu bekommen. Auch Herausforderungen wie ein Kindergeburtstag, ein Schulausflug oder eine Urlaubsreise lassen sich mit guter Vorbereitung meistern. Das Miteinander ist ebenfalls Thema des Buchs: Wie gehe ich mit Belastungen oder mit unsensiblen Kommentaren anderer um? Sicher ist: Man steht nicht alleine da, es gibt Hilfe!Die Medizinjournalistin Daniela Halm ist selbst Mutter einer Tochter mit verschiedenen Allergien und kennt beides: persönliche Erfahrungen im Umgang mit der Erkrankung, aber auch die medizinischen Fakten rund um Allergien und was Patienten in Zukunft helfen könnte. Mit diesem Buch will sie vor allem Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Allergien und ihren Familien Mut machen und ihnen mit praktischen Tipps das Leben erleichtern. Eine spannende Reise durch die Welt der Allergie, nicht nur informativ, sondern auch mit einem Augenzwinkern erzählt.Empfehlung des Deutschen Allergie- und Asthmabunds: "Aus Sicht des DAAB schließt das Buch "Total allergisch - na und?" von Frau Halm eine Lücke auf dem deutschen Bücher- und Ratgebermarkt. Die Kombination aus praktischen Tipps, gut verständlich dargestelltem Stand der Wissenschaft und eigenen Erfahrungen und Erlebnissen aus dem Alltag einer Familie, die von Allergien, Asthma und Neurodermitis betroffen ist, macht die Besonderheit des Buches aus. Es ist dadurch ein hilfreicher Begleiter nicht nur für Betroffene selber, sondern auch für Fachpersonal, das mit allergischen Patienten zu tun hat.“
Total Yoga For You: A Step-by-step Guide to Yoga at Home for Everybody
by Tara FraserThis is simply the perfect introduction to yoga!This complete illustrated practical guide reflects some of the most important developments in modern yoga teaching, including: the release of pent-up stress from busy lives, the emphasis on physical comfort and safety (working within your own abilities rather than forcing yourself into demanding postures), and a holistic approach, combining yoga with an appropriate lifestyle, especially with regard to diet and meditation. More than 200 step-by-step color photographs take you through the essential asanas (postures) and sequences, accompanied by clear and simple explanations. Special "boxes" suggest how beginners can adapt the classic postures to make them easier to perform - while more experienced students are shown how to progress to more challenging asanas as they build up their skills. Whatever your level of fitness and flexibility, Total Yoga is designed to meet your needs and lead you on the path to inner calm and a stronger, more flexible body.
Total Web Quality: Wie kleine, mittelständische Unternehmen ihre Webseite umfassend steuern und verbessern (essentials)
by Klaus M. BernsauDieses essential gibt kleineren Unternehmen wie Einzelhändlern, Handwerkern und Gewerbebetrieben eine kompakte Anleitung an die Hand, worauf sie bei ihrer Website achten müssen, um mit ihr erfolgreich zu sein. Der Autor erläutert alle Qualitätskriterien einer performanten Website und zeigt auf, wie diese grundlegend analysiert werden können und welche Schritte anschließend notwendig sind. Er erklärt, wie bedeutend die Themen Usability, Suchmaschinen-Optimierung oder Zielgruppenorientierung sind und beschreibt den Wert von Dialogmaßnahmen, Responsivität und Design.Bringen auch Sie Ihre Webseite einen großen Schritt nach vorne und schaffen Sie einen erfolgreichen und wertschöpfenden Online-Auftritt für Ihr Unternehmen.Mit einer konkreten Analyse-Anleitung, zahlreichen Optimierungsvorschlägen und dauerhaft anwendbaren Prüfmechanismen.
Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914-1954
by George LiberBetween 1914 and 1954, the Ukrainian-speaking territories in East Central Europe suffered almost 15 million "excess deaths" as well as numerous large-scale evacuations and forced population transfers. These losses were the devastating consequences of the two world wars, revolutions, famines, genocidal campaigns, and purges that wracked Europe in the first half of the twentieth century and spread new ideas, created new political and economic systems, and crafted new identities.In Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914-1954, George O. Liber argues that the continuous violence of the world wars and interwar years transformed the Ukrainian-speaking population of East Central Europe into self-conscious Ukrainians. Wars, mass killings, and forced modernization drives made and re-made Ukraine's boundaries, institutionalized its national identities, and pruned its population according to various state-sponsored political, racial, and social ideologies. In short, the two world wars, the Holodomor, and the Holocaust played critical roles in forming today's Ukraine.A landmark study of the terrifying scope and paradoxical consequences of mass violence in Europe's bloodlands, Liber's book will transform our understanding of the entangled histories of Ukraine, the USSR, Germany, and East Central Europe in the twentieth century.
Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin
by Michael JonesThe powerful story of the Red Army's battle of liberation against the Nazi invader - from Stalingrad all the way to Berlin.In February 1943, German forces surrendered to the Red Army at Stalingrad and the tide of war turned. By May 1945 Soviet soldiers had stormed Berlin and brought down Hitler's regime. Total War follows the fortunes of these fighters as they liberated Russia and the Ukraine from the Nazi invader and fought their way into the heart of the Reich. It reveals the horrors they experienced - the Holocaust, genocide and the mass murder of Soviet POWs - and shows the Red Army, brutalized by war, taking its terrible revenge on the German civilian population. For the first time Russian veterans are candid about the terrible atrocities their own army committed. But they also describe their struggle to raise themselves from the abyss of hatred. Their war against the Nazis - which in large part brought the Second World War in Europe to an end - is a tarnished but deeply moving story of sacrifice and redemption.(P)2018 Hodder & Stoughton Limited
Total War: From Stalingrad To Berlin
by Michael JonesIn February 1943, German forces surrendered to the Red Army at Stalingrad and the tide of war turned. By May 1945 Soviet soldiers had stormed Berlin and brought down Hitler's regime.Total War follows the fortunes of these fighters as they liberated Russia and the Ukraine from the Nazi invader and fought their way into the heart of the Reich. It reveals the horrors they experienced - the Holocaust, genocide and the mass murder of Soviet POWs - and shows the Red Army, brutalized by war, taking its terrible revenge on the German civilian population. For the first time Russian veterans are candid about the terrible atrocities their own army committed. But they also describe their struggle to raise themselves from the abyss of hatred. Their war against the Nazis - which in large part brought the Second World War in Europe to an end - is a tarnished but deeply moving story of sacrifice and redemption.
Total War: From Stalingrad To Berlin
by Michael JonesIn February 1943, German forces surrendered to the Red Army at Stalingrad and the tide of war turned. By May 1945 Soviet soldiers had stormed Berlin and brought down Hitler's regime.Total War follows the fortunes of these fighters as they liberated Russia and the Ukraine from the Nazi invader and fought their way into the heart of the Reich. It reveals the horrors they experienced - the Holocaust, genocide and the mass murder of Soviet POWs - and shows the Red Army, brutalized by war, taking its terrible revenge on the German civilian population. For the first time Russian veterans are candid about the terrible atrocities their own army committed. But they also describe their struggle to raise themselves from the abyss of hatred. Their war against the Nazis - which in large part brought the Second World War in Europe to an end - is a tarnished but deeply moving story of sacrifice and redemption.
Total War Rome: Destroy Carthage
by David GibbinsHow far would you go for Rome?Carthage, 146 BC.This is the story of Fabius Petronius Secundus – Roman legionary and centurion – and of his general Scipio Aemilianus, and his rise to power: from his first battle against the Macedonians, that seals the fate of Alexander the Great's Empire, to total war in North Africa and the Siege of Carthage. Scipio's success brings him admiration and respect, but also attracts greed and jealousy – for the closest allies can become the bitterest of enemies. And then there is the dark horse, Julia, of the Caesar family – in love with Scipio but betrothed to his rival Paullus – who causes a vicious feud. Ultimately for Scipio it will come down to one question: how much is he prepared to sacrifice for his vision of Rome? Inspired by Total War: Rome II, from the bestselling Total War computer strategy game series, Destroy Carthage is the first in an epic series of novels. Not only the tale of one man's fate, it is also a journey to the core of Roman times, through a world of extraordinary military tactics and political intrigue that Rome's warriors and citizens used to cheat death.
Total Volunteer Force: Lessons from the US Military on Leadership Culture and Talent Management
by Tim KaneTim Kane analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the US armed forces leadership culture and personnel management. He proposes a blueprint for reform that empowers troops as well as local commanders. Kane's proposals extend the All-Volunteer Force reforms of 1973 further along the spectrum of volunteerism, emphasize greater individual agency during all stages of a US military career, and restore diversity among the services. The Leader/Talent Matrix–an analytic framework Kane develops in the book–offers a multidimensional view of an organization's personnel practices. A survey of hundreds of veterans and active-duty troops reveals world-class strengths in the US armed forces leadership culture but a wide array of weaknesses in talent management. The Total Volunteer Force returns autonomy to the army, navy, air force, and Marine Corps. Kane offers an array of reforms to improve performance evaluations, create a talent market for job-matching, and revolutionize compensation to better reward merit and skill.
Total Urban Mobilisation: Ernst Jünger and the Post-Capitalist City
by Krzysztof NawratekIn this book Krzysztof Nawratek explores the possibility of a post-capitalist city, and in so doing, reclaims and develops the idea of total mobilisation as originally formulated by Ernst Jünger. Nawratek formulates the idea of ‘accumulation of agency’ the ability to act, to replace the logic of capital accumulation as a main driver of urban development. He argues that this ‘accumulation of agency’ operates already in contemporary cities, and should not be seen as essential element of capitalism, but as a conceptual gateway to a post-capitalist world.
Total Undersea War: The Evolutionary Role of the Snorkel in Dönitz's U-Boat Fleet, 1944–1945
by Aaron S. HamiltonAn analysis of the air mast-equipped German U-boats in World War II and Allied countermeasures.During the last year of World War II, the once surface-bound diesel-electric U-boat ushered in the age of “total undersea war.” This was due to the introduction of an air mast, or “snorkel” as it became known among the men who served in Doenitz’s submarine fleet. U-boats no longer needed to surface to charge batteries or refresh air; they rarely communicated with their command, operating silently and alone among the shallow coastal waters of the United Kingdom and across to North America. At first, U-boats could remain submerged continuously for a few days, then a few weeks, and finally for months at a time, and they set underwater endurance records not broken for nearly a quarter of a century. The introduction of the snorkel was of paramount concern to the Allies, who strived to frustrate the impact of the device before war’s end. Every subsequent wartime U-boat innovation was subordinated to the snorkel, including the new Type XXI Electro-boat wonder weapon. The snorkel’s introduction foreshadowed the nearly un-trackable weapon and instrument of intelligence that the submarine became in the postwar world.Total Undersea War answers many long-standing questions about the last year of the war: How and why did U-boats patrol so close inshore? How effective was acoustic and anti-radar camouflage? Why was U-boat wireless communication so problematic? How did U-boats navigate so effectively submerged? What were the health implications of staying submerged for a month or more? What does an accurate snorkel-configuration look like?This previously unpublished historical data is applied to a maritime archaeological case study about how the snorkel-equipped U-869 likely met its demise off the United States’ east coast in February, 1945. The theory that emerges based on a precise understanding of late-war snorkel operations is new and compelling. This exhaustive study, the first of its kind, draws upon wartime documents from archives around the world to re-evaluate the last year of the U-boat's deployment, all its key technological innovations, the evolving operations and tactics, and Allied countermeasures. It is destined to become an authoritative reference on late-war U-boat development for historians and maritime archaeologists alike for years to come.Praise for Total Undersea War“The snorkel's powerful influence during the Battle of the Atlantic is reflected in this riveting book that is filled with action photographs, schematics, and page-turning accounts of the great advantage given to the German navy by this revolutionary piece of equipment.” —Maritime Engineering Journal
Total Trainwreck
by Evie ClaireIn a town where every illusion comes with a price, a girl can have love or fame. Carly Klein wants both. The A-list drama continues in this compulsively readable follow-up to Evie Claire's Hollywood Hot MessHurricane Carly hits the big leagues and her offscreen drama hits DEFCON-level F*ckFrom tabloid trainwreck child star to award-nominated starlet, Carly Klein wants it all. And being silver fox Devon Hayes's f*ck buddy isn't cutting it anymore. The gloves are off as she comes out swinging for the man she loves.Devon Hayes, aka the sexiest man alive, is the toast of Tinseltown as half of a Hollywood power couple HeaVon--but he doesn't want to be. Yet his A-list showmance lover will stop at nothing to keep their marital sham alive. So when Carly and Devon's scorching connection off set threatens his soon-to-be ex's dynasty, a sh*tstorm of trouble is unleashed.But pussing out isn't in Carly's DNA. Through sex tapes, murder and epic Hollywood takedowns, Carly and Devon will be together and HeaVon will burn in Hollywood Hell...Part Two of TwoOne-click with confidence. This title is part of the Carina Press Romance Promise: all the romance you're looking for with an HEA/HFN. It's a promise! Find out more at CarinaPress.com/RomancePromise
Total Temple Makeover: How to Turn Your Body into a Temple You Can Rejoice In
by Gregg JantzWhile the world reels with an ever-growing array of lose-weight-quick schemes, Dr. Gregory Jantz applies common sense and spiritual encouragement to lead readers on a reasonable, realistic path to healthier living. Unlike the radical and even dangerous tactics that often captivate those who hunger for dramatic change, Jantz advocates a gentle twelve-week program, which considers the whole person, not just body weight. This comprehensive approach incorporates scripture study, prayer, and journaling, as well as nutrition, food-consumption plans, and body maintenance with the intention of reshaping a person's self-image in addition to dropping inches in the waistline.
Total Teen: Tracy Anderson's Guide to Health, Happiness, and Ruling Your World
by Tracy AndersonIgnite your muscles. Clear your mind. Fuel your body. In a world where no selfie gets snapped without a flawless filter and your Instagram idols could teach classes on how to master angles, lighting, and retouching, it’s essential to create a rock-solid relationship with what’s real and what’s beautiful. Here’s the truth: you are real. You are beautiful. You are unique. Fitness pioneer Tracy Anderson is here to be your guide as you fully come to that realization, and fortify yourself with the tools to be your best—physically, mentally, and emotionally. Total Teen gives you a solid foundation to lead a balanced life—with absolutely no calorie counting, no fad diets, and no unrealistic workout routines. It’s a body-positive approach to taking care of and honoring your total self. Learning how to move, connect, and nourish yourself to let your light shine bright. Inside, you’ll find exercises, activities, and recipes as well as prompts and questions to spark new ways of thinking and new ways of being. You’ll be amazed at how good you can look and feel, and how powerfully you can show up for every aspect of your life. Begin now, and you’ll have a head start that will be with you forever.
Total Synthesis of Thielocin B1 as a Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of PAC3 Homodimer
by Kosuke OhsawaThis book focuses on thielocin B1 (TB1), which was found to be an inhibitor of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of proteasome assembling chaperone (PAC) 3 homodimer, and elucidates the mechanism by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. Interfaces of PPIs recently have been expected to be novel therapeutic targets, while it is difficult to apply conventional methodology based on lock and key theory. The author achieved the first total synthesis of TB1 and its spin-labeled derivative to carry out NMR experiments because the supply of TB1 from natural sources was limited. Unique 2,2',6,6'-tetrasubstituted diphenyl ether moiety of TB1 was synthesized from a depsidone skeleton by chemoselective reduction of lactone. In the process of elongating side wings, efficient formylation utilizing dichloromethyl methyl ether-silver trifluoromethanesulfonate was developed for the sterically hindered aromatic compound. NMR titration experiments and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement observation of PAC3 homodimer were performed with synthesized TB1 and its molecular probe, respectively. The results of the above NMR studies and additional in silico docking studies suggested that TB1 promotes the dissociation to monomeric PAC3 after interaction with PAC3 homodimer. The rare mechanism shown in this book indicates a potential novel drug target in the interfaces of PPIs with no cavity or groove.
Total Synthesis of Plakortide E and Biomimetic Synthesis of Plakortone B
by Xiao-Yu SunIn his thesis, Xiaoyu Sun conducts the first total synthesis of all possible stereoisomers of plakortide E and also confirms the absolute configuration of natural plakortide E. Xiaoyu Sun subsequently converts Plakortide E methyl ester to plakortone B in a biomimetic conversion. Construction and functionalization of cyclic peroxides are notoriously difficult due to the very low O-O bond dissociation energy. Plaktoride E is isolated from the Jamaican marine sponge platorits halichondrioides and contains a five-membered peroxide ring, with oxygen atoms linked to tertiary C4 and C6 centers. The methodology used for synthesizing highly substituted cyclic peroxides is novel and useful, and not only extends the field of Pd-catalyzed reactions, but also provides a convenient synthetic approach for the preparation of the 1,2-dioxolanes series. Plakortide E and plakortone B are bioactive, which means that the synthetic studies on them and their analogs are pivotal in drug discovery.