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Handbuch Humanitäre Hilfe
by Jürgen Lieser Dennis DijkzeulMenschen, die infolge von Gewaltkonflikten oder Naturkatastrophen in eine humanitäre Notlage geraten sind, benötigen Hilfe. Diese ethische Selbstverständlichkeit hat mit der Gründung des Roten Kreuzes vor mehr als 150 Jahren einen institutionellen Rahmen bekommen. Seitdem ist die humanitäre Hilfe, also das organisierte und professionelle Helfen in humanitären Krisen und Katastrophen, stark gewachsen. Humanitäre Organisationen sind fast weltweit aktiv. In der Praxis erweist sich die humanitäre Hilfe als eine große Herausforderung. Hilfsorganisationen stehen unter einem hohen Erwartungs- und Zeitdruck: Sie sollen schnell, effektiv und reibungslos Hilfe zum Überleben leisten. Die Hilfe soll unparteiisch, neutral und nachhaltig sein und sich allein an den Bedürfnissen der betroffenen Menschen orientieren. Staatliche Geber, private Spender und auch die Hilfeempfänger verlangen Rechenschaft über den sinnvollen Einsatz der Hilfsgelder. Seit Jahren nehmen Naturkatastrophen in Zahl und Umfang zu. Gewaltkonflikte entwickeln sich zu chronischen Krisen mit einer Kriegswirtschaft, die es schwieriger macht, die Betroffenen zu unterstützen. Die Helferinnen und Helfer sehen sich konfrontiert mit zunehmend komplexeren Notlagen, divergierenden Geberinteressen, politischer Einflussnahme und konkurrierenden Hilfsangeboten. Sie geraten zwischen die Fronten und werden Opfer von gewaltsamen Übergriffen. Auch Missbrauch und politische Instrumentalisierung kommen vor. Dieses Buch trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis von humanitären Krisen und ihren Folgen bei. Es zeigt, wie sich die humanitäre Hilfe in einem internationalen System entwickelt hat und wie die verschiedenen Akteure ihre Rolle definieren und ausfüllen. Es zeigt auch, wie schwierig es ist, dem hohen ethischen Anspruch an unparteiische und von politischen Interessen unabhängige Hilfe gerecht zu werden. Die Autorinnen und Autoren - Vertreter von Hilfsorganisationen und Wissenschaft - zeigen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven auf, wie humanitäre Hilfe zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit versucht, dem weltweit wachsenden Hilfebedarf gerecht zu werden.
Graphs, Networks and Algorithms
by Dieter JungnickelFrom the reviews of the previous editions ".... The book is a first class textbook and seems to be indispensable for everybody who has to teach combinatorial optimization. It is very helpful for students, teachers, and researchers in this area. The author finds a striking synthesis of nice and interesting mathematical results and practical applications. ... the author pays much attention to the inclusion of well-chosen exercises. The reader does not remain helpless; solutions or at least hints are given in the appendix. Except for some small basic mathematical and algorithmic knowledge the book is self-contained. ..." K.Engel, Mathematical Reviews 2002 The substantial development effort of this text, involving multiple editions and trailing in the context of various workshops, university courses and seminar series, clearly shows through in this new edition with its clear writing, good organisation, comprehensive coverage of essential theory, and well-chosen applications. The proofs of important results and the representation of key algorithms in a Pascal-like notation allow this book to be used in a high-level undergraduate or low-level graduate course on graph theory, combinatorial optimization or computer science algorithms. The well-worked solutions to exercises are a real bonus for self study by students. The book is highly recommended. P .B. Gibbons, Zentralblatt für Mathematik 2005 Once again, the new edition has been thoroughly revised. In particular, some further material has been added: more on NP-completeness (especially on dominating sets), a section on the Gallai-Edmonds structure theory for matchings, and about a dozen additional exercises - as always, with solutions. Moreover, the section on the 1-factor theorem has been completely rewritten: it now presents a short direct proof for the more general Berge-Tutte formula. Several recent research developments are discussed and quite a few references have been added.
Qualitätsmängel im Arzthaftungsprozess - Brauchen wir ein Patientenrechtegesetz? (MedR Schriftenreihe Medizinrecht)
by ArbeitsgemeinschaftNach ca. 20-jähriger Diskussion soll nunmehr auf Bundesebene ein Patientenrechtegesetz verabschiedet werden. Mit dem Gesetz wird das Ziel verfolgt, Transparenz über die Rechte der Patientinnen und Patienten herzustellen, die Durchsetzung dieser Rechte zu verbessern sowie Patientinnen und Patienten im Sinne einer verbesserten Gesundheitsversorgung zu schützen und im Falle eines Behandlungsfehlers stärker zu unterstützen. Das XXIII. Kölner Symposium der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medizinrecht formuliert Fragen und Referate, ob ein Patientenrechtegesetz wegen möglicher Qualitätsmängel im Arzthaftungsprozess notwendig ist und ob das diskutierte Patientenrechtegesetz tatsächlich dem Anspruch gerecht wird, diese Patientenrechte zu stärken. Ist die Rechtsposition des Patienten ausreichend, wenn es um die Anhörung des Sachverständigen geht? Sind Neuregelungen über die Aufklärungspflicht des Arztes erforderlich oder genügt die Rechtsprechung zur Aufklärung, um das Selbstbestimmungsrecht des Patienten sicherzustellen? Die Beiträge behandeln sowohl materiell-rechtliche als auch zivilprozessuale Rechtsfragen, die das Arzt- und Patientenverhältnis im Arzthaftungsprozess betreffen. Auch wenn im Ergebnis wohl festgestellt werden muss, dass das diskutierte Patientenrechtegesetz einen "Mangel an legislativer Eigenständigkeit" (Prof. Dr. Dieter Hart, Universität Bremen) belegt, so wird die Diskussion um die Patientenrechte speziell im Arzthaftungsprozess anhalten.
Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology: Physics and Chemistry
by Hans Bebie Josef Flammer Maneli MozaffariehBasic Sciences in Ophthalmology aims to link clinical ophthalmology directly to its basic science roots. This first volume describes the physics and chemistry required for a sound understanding of modern ophthalmology. The book opens with an extensive discussion of the interaction of light with matter and the way in which light is used in ophthalmic examinations and treatments. After describing traditional methods of imaging, particular emphasis is placed on modern instrumentation such as OCT. The interaction between light and tissues in different types of laser treatment is also addressed. The chemistry section focuses on compounds particularly relevant to the eye, such as oxygen and water. The origin and consequences of oxidative stress are reviewed, and the physical behavior of chemical compounds in the eye is explained. Understanding is facilitated through the use of many examples taken from the field of ophthalmology. The text is complemented by about 450 figures.
Gastrointestinale Operationen und technische Varianten: Operationstechniken der Experten
by Michael Korenkov Christoph-Thomas Germer Hauke LangChirurgische Eingriffe an gastrointestinalen Organen unterliegen trotz Standardisierung und weitreichender Technisierung nach wie vor zum Teil erheblichen Unterschieden. Für alle Chirurgen ist es von großem Interesse, die individuellen technischen Varianten einzelner auf diesem Gebiet ausgewiesener Chirurgen kennen zu lernen und so ihr eigenes operatives Repertoire zu erweitern. In diesem Buch werden die chirurgischen Eingriffe für eine Auswahl wichtiger Operationen von Experten in ihrer spezifischen Vorgehensweise Schritt für Schritt und reich bebildert dargestellt. Zahlreiche renommierte Chirurgen aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum ebenso wie internationale Autoren beschreiben ihr Procedere. Außergewöhnliche und schwierige Situationen, wie unerwartete Befunde, anatomische Varianten oder Blutungszwischenfälle, finden besondere Berücksichtigung.
Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy
by Simon Mitton Rodney D. HolderThe year 2011 marked the 80th anniversary of Georges Lemaître's primeval atom model of the universe, forerunner of the modern day Big Bang theory. Prompted by this momentous anniversary the Royal Astronomical Society decided to publish a volume of essays on the life, work and faith of this great cosmologist, who was also a Roman Catholic priest. The papers presented in this book examine in detail the historical, cosmological, philosophical and theological issues surrounding the development of the Big Bang theory from its beginnings in the pioneering work of Lemaître through to the modern day. This book offers the best account in English of Lemaître's life and work. It will be appreciated by professionals and graduate students interested in the history of cosmology.
Organisation und Projektmanagement
by Rainer Bergmann Martin GarrechtAnschaulich und praxisnah zeigen die Autoren in diesem Lehrbuch, wie Organisationen funktionieren, wie sie gestaltet werden und was bei der Durchf#65533;hrung von Projekten zu ber#65533;cksichtigen ist: von der Aufbauorganisation, der Gestaltung der Prozessorganisation und der Organisationsanalyse #65533;ber die Organisationskultur bis hin zu den Interaktionen in Projektteams. Warum Unternehmen so gestaltet sind, wie es heute beobachtet werden kann, zeigt ein #65533;berblick #65533;ber die Organisationstheorien von den ersten Managementkonzepten der Zeit Henry Fords bis zu aktuellen Ans#65533;tzen (z. B. Organisation in Netzwerken, Fokussierung auf Kernkompetenzen und Change Management). Anschauliche Fallstudien und Praxisbeispiele zu jedem Themenblock regen die Diskussion an und zeigen den Lesern neue Perspektiven bei der Betrachtung von Organisationen. Das Buch deckt vollst#65533;ndig die Anforderungen ab, die f#65533;r das Modul "Organisation und Projektmanagement" in Bachelor-Studieng#65533;ngen gestellt werden. Die zweite Auflage wurde um diverse Abschnitte zu neueren Entwicklungen moderner Managementkonzepte (u. a. flache Hierarchie, Rolle von Unternehmensberatern, Gefahren- und Nutzenpotenziale schlanker Organisationsstrukturen) und um zahlreiche Praxis- und Fallbeispiele erweitert sowie umfassend aktualisiert.
Transition Towards Energy Efficient Machine Tools
by André ZeinEnergy efficiency represents a cost-effective and immediate strategy of a sustainable development. Due to substantial environmental and economic implications, a strong emphasis is put on the electrical energy requirements of machine tools for metalworking processes. The improvement of energy efficiency is however confronted with diverse barriers, which sustain an energy efficiency gap of unexploited potential. The deficiencies lie in the lack of information about the actual energy requirements of machine tools, a minimum energy reference to quantify improvement potential and the possible actions to improve the energy demand. Therefore, a comprehensive concept for energy performance management of machine tools is developed which guides the transition towards energy efficient machine tools. It is structured in four innovative concept modules, which are embedded into step-by-step workflow models. The capability of the performance management concept is demonstrated in an automotive manufacturing environment. The target audience primarily comprises researchers and practitioners challenged to enhance energy efficiency in manufacturing. The book may also be beneficial for graduate students who want to specialize in this field.
Surface- and Groundwater Quality Changes in Periods of Water Scarcity
by Miloš GregorThis thesis deals with the evaluation of surface and groundwater quality changes in the periods of water scarcity in river catchment areas. The work can be divided into six parts. Existing methods of drought assessment are discussed in the first part, followed by the brief description of the software package HydroOffice, designed by the author. The software is dedicated to analysis of hydrological data (separation of baseflow, parameters of hydrological drought estimation, recession curves analysis, time series analysis). The capabilities of the software are currently used by scientist from more than 30 countries around the world. The third section is devoted to a comprehensive regional assessment of hydrological drought on Slovak rivers, followed by evaluation of the occurrence, course and character of drought in precipitation, discharges, base flow, groundwater head and spring yields in the pilot area of the Nitra River basin. The fifth part is focused on the assessment of changes in surface and groundwater quality during the drought periods within the pilot area. Finally, the results are summarized and interpreted, and rounded off with an outlook to future research.
Earthquake-Induced Landslides
by Akihiko Wakai Hiroshi Yagi Keizo UgaiSeismicity is a major trigger for landslides with often devastating effects. The Japan Landslide Society (JLS) therefore organized a meeting fully dedicated to the research area of earthquake induced landslides. The symposium covers all aspects of earthquake-induced landslides including the phenomena occurred in manmade embankments as well as in natural slopes in mountainous areas. In this comprehensive volume on landslide science the JLS presents the Proceedings of this First International Symposium on Earthquake-Induced Landslides, held in November 2012 in Kiryu, Japan.
Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines
by Klaus Grosfeld Anna Wegner Vikram Unnithan Dieter Wolf-Gladrow Justus Notholt Gerrit LohmannEarth system science is traditionally split into various disciplines (Geology, Physics, Meteorology, Oceanography, Biology etc.) and several sub-disciplines. Overall, the diversity of expertise provides a solid base for interdisciplinary research. However, gaining holistic insights into the Earth system requires the integration of observations, paleoclimate data, analysis tools and modeling. These different approaches of Earth system science are rooted in various disciplines that cut across a broad range of timescales. It is, therefore, necessary to link these disciplines at a relatively early stage in PhD programs. The linking of 'data and modeling', as it is the special emphasis in our graduate school, enables graduate students from a variety of disciplines to cooperate and exchange views on the common theme of Earth system science, which leads to a better understanding of processes within a global context.
Financial Analysis and Risk Management: Data Governance, Analytics and Life Cycle Management
by Victoria LemieuxThe Global Financial Crisis and the Eurozone crisis that has followed have drawn attention to weaknesses in financial records, information and data. These weaknesses have led to operational risks in financial institutions, flawed bankruptcy and foreclosure proceedings following the Crisis, and inadequacies in financial supervisors' access to records and information for the purposes of a prudential response. Research is needed to identify the practices that will provide the records, information and data needed to support more effective financial analysis and risk management. The unique contribution of this volume is in bringing together researchers in distinct domains that seldom interact to identify theoretical, technological, policy and practical issues related to the management of financial records, information and data. The book will, therefore, appeal to researchers or advanced practitioners in the field of finance and those with an interest in risk management, computer science, cognitive science, sociology, management information systems, information science, and archival science as applied to the financial domain.
Modeling and Control of Magnetic Fluid Deformable Mirrors for Adaptive Optics Systems
by Azhar Iqbal Zhizheng Wu Foued Ben AmaraModeling and Control of Magnetic Fluid Deformable Mirrors for Adaptive Optics Systems presents a novel design of wavefront correctors based on magnetic fluid deformable mirrors (MFDM) as well as corresponding control algorithms. The presented wavefront correctors are characterized by their linear, dynamic response. Various mirror surface shape control algorithms are presented along with experimental evaluations of the performance of the resulting adaptive optics systems. Adaptive optics (AO) systems are used in various fields of application to enhance the performance of optical systems, such as imaging, laser, free space optical communication systems, etc. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students, professors, engineers, scientists and researchers working on the design of adaptive optics systems and their various emerging fields of application. Zhizheng Wu is an associate professor at Shanghai University, China. Azhar Iqbal is a research associate at the University of Toronto, Canada. Foued Ben Amara is an assistant professor at the University of Toronto, Canada.
Volcanoes of the Azores (Active Volcanoes of the World)
by Ulrich Kueppers Christoph BeierThe Azores archipelago consists of nine islands that emerge from the Azores Plateau in the Central Northern Atlantic, situated within the triple junction of the American, Eurasian and African lithosphere plates. Subaerial volcanic activity has been well known since the Pliocene and continues today, with several well-documented eruptions since the settlement of the islands in the fifteenth century. The origin of the Azores Plateau has been a matter of scientific debate and thus this book provides the first comprehensive overview of geological features in the Azores from volcanological, geochemical, petrological, paleontological, structural and hydrological perspectives
Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter
by Davide Vione Khan M.G. Mostofa Takahito Yoshioka Abdul MottalebPhotoinduced processes, caused by natural sunlight, are key functions for sustaining all living organisms through production and transformation of organic matter (OM) in the biosphere. Production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from OM is a primary step of photoinduced processes, because H2O2 acts as strong reductant and oxidant. It is potentially important in many aquatic reactions, also in association with photosynthesis. Allochthonous and autochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be involved into several photoinduced or biological processes. DOM subsequently undergoes several physical, chemical, photoinduced and biological processes, which can be affected by global warming. This book is uniquely structured to overview some vital issues, such as: DOM; H2O2 and ROOH; HO*; Degradation of DOM; CDOM, FDOM; Photosynthesis; Chlorophyll; Metal complexation, and Global warming, as well as their mutual interrelationships, based on updated scientific results.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
by Guido Langouche Yutaka YoshidaTutorials on Mössbauer Spectroscopy Since the discovery of the Mössbauer Effect many excellent books have been published for researchers and for doctoral and master level students. However, there appears to be no textbook available for final year bachelor students, nor for people working in industry who have received only basic courses in classical mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, chemistry and materials science. The challenge of this book is to give an introduction to Mössbauer Spectroscopy for this level. The ultimate goal of this book is to give this audience not only a scientific introduction to the technique, but also to demonstrate in an attractive way the power of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in many fields of science, in order to create interest among the readers in joining the community of Mössbauer spectroscopists. This is particularly important at times where in many Mössbauer laboratories succession is at stake. This book will be used as a textbook for the tutorial sessions, organized at the occasion of the 2011 International Conference on the Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy (ICAME2011) in Tokyo.
Multilingual Lexical Recognition in the Mental Lexicon of Third Language Users
by Weronika Szubko-SitarekThe monograph constitutes an attempt to demonstrate that trilinguals should be considered as learners and speakers in their own right as opposed to L2 learners with a view to enumerating consequences this would bring to third or additional language teaching. Its theoretical part offers an insight into the structure of the multilingual mental lexicon which is a product of the interplay of a whole array of cross-linguistic factors in the minds of multilingual speakers. The empirical part reports the findings of an empirical study which aimed to investigate connections which are formed between multiple languages in a multilingual mind. All the aspects, analyzed in the experiments are part of a broader question of how multilinguals make their lexical decisions and, more specifically, how they recognize words from different languages. The book closes with the discussion of the role of the obtained results for multilingual didactics as well as some possible areas for future research.
Introduction to Cryptography with Maple
by José Luis Gómez PardoThis introduction to cryptography employs a programming-oriented approach to study the most important cryptographic schemes in current use and the main cryptanalytic attacks against them. Discussion of the theoretical aspects, emphasizing precise security definitions based on methodological tools such as complexity and randomness, and of the mathematical aspects, with emphasis on number-theoretic algorithms and their applications to cryptography and cryptanalysis, is integrated with the programming approach, thus providing implementations of the algorithms and schemes as well as examples of realistic size. A distinctive feature of the author's approach is the use of Maple as a programming environment in which not just the cryptographic primitives but also the most important cryptographic schemes are implemented following the recommendations of standards bodies such as NIST, with many of the known cryptanalytic attacks implemented as well. The purpose of the Maple implementations is to let the reader experiment and learn, and for this reason the author includes numerous examples. The book discusses important recent subjects such as homomorphic encryption, identity-based cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography. The algorithms and schemes which are treated in detail and implemented in Maple include AES and modes of operation, CMAC, GCM/GMAC, SHA-256, HMAC, RSA, Rabin, Elgamal, Paillier, Cocks IBE, DSA and ECDSA. In addition, some recently introduced schemes enjoying strong security properties, such as RSA-OAEP, Rabin-SAEP, Cramer--Shoup, and PSS, are also discussed and implemented. On the cryptanalysis side, Maple implementations and examples are used to discuss many important algorithms, including birthday and man-in-the-middle attacks, integer factorization algorithms such as Pollard's rho and the quadratic sieve, and discrete log algorithms such as baby-step giant-step, Pollard's rho, Pohlig--Hellman and the index calculus method. This textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of computer science, engineering and mathematics, satisfying the requirements of various types of courses: a basic introductory course; a theoretically oriented course whose focus is on the precise definition of security concepts and on cryptographic schemes with reductionist security proofs; a practice-oriented course requiring little mathematical background and with an emphasis on applications; or a mathematically advanced course addressed to students with a stronger mathematical background. The main prerequisite is a basic knowledge of linear algebra and elementary calculus, and while some knowledge of probability and abstract algebra would be helpful, it is not essential because the book includes the necessary background from these subjects and, furthermore, explores the number-theoretic material in detail. The book is also a comprehensive reference and is suitable for self-study by practitioners and programmers.
Introduction to Polarization Physics
by Sandibek B. Nurushev Mikhail F. Runtso Mikhail N. StrikhanovThis book is devoted to the polarization (spin) physics of high energy particles and contains three parts. The first part presents the theoretical prefaces of polarization in the particle physics for interpretations, predictions and bases for understanding the following two parts. The second part of the book presents the description of the essential polarization experiments including the recent ones. This part is devoted to the innovative instrumentations, gives the parameters of the polarized beams, targets, polarized gas jets and polarimeters. The third part of the book concentrates on the important achievements in polarization physics. The book can be used in lectures on nuclear and particle physics and and nuclear instruments and methods. As supplementary reading this book is useful for researchers working in particle and nuclear physics.
Modelling and Optimisation of Flows on Networks
by Enrique Zuazua Dirk Helbing Benedetto Piccoli Alberto Bressan Axel Klar Luigi Ambrosio Michel RascleIn recent years flows in networks have attracted the interest of many researchers from different areas, e.g. applied mathematicians, engineers, physicists, economists. The main reason for this ubiquity is the wide and diverse range of applications, such as vehicular traffic, supply chains, blood flow, irrigation channels, data networks and others. This book presents an extensive set of notes by world leaders on the main mathematical techniques used to address such problems, together with investigations into specific applications. The main focus is on partial differential equations in networks, but ordinary differential equations and optimal transport are also included. Moreover, the modeling is completed by analysis, numerics, control and optimization of flows in networks. The book will be a valuable resource for every researcher or student interested in the subject.
Stochastic Biomathematical Models
by Mostafa Bachar Susanne Ditlevsen Jerry J. BatzelStochastic biomathematical models are becoming increasingly important as new light is shed on the role of noise in living systems. In certain biological systems, stochastic effects may even enhance a signal, thus providing a biological motivation for the noise observed in living systems. Recent advances in stochastic analysis and increasing computing power facilitate the analysis of more biophysically realistic models, and this book provides researchers in computational neuroscience and stochastic systems with an overview of recent developments. Key concepts are developed in chapters written by experts in their respective fields. Topics include: one-dimensional homogeneous diffusions and their boundary behavior, large deviation theory and its application in stochastic neurobiological models, a review of mathematical methods for stochastic neuronal integrate-and-fire models, stochastic partial differential equation models in neurobiology, and stochastic modeling of spreading cortical depression.
Social Innovation and New Business Models: Creating Shared Value in Low-Income Markets
by Laura MicheliniExtreme poverty continues to afflict the world, and it requires urgent action. Social innovation can be the driving force to spark change and to find common ground for shared value creation, particularly when it is directed at low-income markets. Leading companies have recently developed innovative forms of social innovation by combining three elements - the concept of shared value creation, the theory of the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, and a corporate social entrepreneurship approach - which they use to enter low-income markets by helping to solve global challenges while simultaneously generating profits.The book identifies the main forms of social innovation: social business models, social products and social communication strategies. Further, it shows how companies can successfully implement social innovation and presents new forms of social business models that can be used to target low-income markets. Finally, the book presents key success factors related to the social product innovation process and corresponding communication.
Metropolitan Regions
by Charlie Karlsson Johan Klaesson Börje JohanssonMetropolitan growth has been dramatic in the past several decades, and today metropolitan regions are recognized as the main driving forces in national growth and development as well as in national and global innovation processes. The purpose of this book is to contribute to a better understanding of how metropolitan regions and their subsystems interact and compete, why they differ in their capacity to nurture innovation and growth, and how metropolitan policies must be designed to secure the region's long-term vitality. To that end, it presents new contributions on theories of urban growth, institutions and policies of urban change, and case studies of urban growth prepared by international experts.
Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions
by Frank Flechtner Nico Sneeuw Wolf-Dieter SchuhSignificant advances in the scientific use of space based data were achieved in three joint interdisciplinary projects based on data of the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE within the R&D program GEOTECHNOLOGIEN. It was possible to explore and monitor changes related to the Earth's surface, the boundary layer between atmosphere and solid earth, and the oceans and ice shields. This boundary layer is our habitat and therefore is in the focus of our interests. The Earth's surface is subject to anthropogenetic changes, to changes driven by the Sun, Moon and planets, and by changes caused by processes in the Earth system. The state parameters and their changes are best monitored from space. The theme "Observation of the System Earth from Space" offers comprehensive insights into a broad range of research topics relevant to society including geodesy, oceanography, atmospheric science (from meteorology to climatology), hydrology and glaciology.
Chemical Structure of Pelagic Redox Interfaces: Observation and Modeling (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #22)
by Evgeniy V. YakushevOver the last few decades many studies have focused on the oxygen depletion of coastal and oceanic waters. An understanding of the processes involved is fundamental to assess the effects of global and climatic changes and to support an ecosystem approach to adaptive environmental management for coastal seas and ocean basins. This timely book presents the state-of-the-art of our knowledge of the nature and chemical structure of redox interfaces in a marine water column, oxygen depletion and connected processes. The structures of the redox layers, including the distribution of certain parameters and microbiological features, are described in detail. The volume also covers studies devoted to the interannual variability of some oxygen-depleted systems, modeling and new developments in observation techniques. In addition, it identifies remaining gaps in our knowledge of the cycling of chemical elements in changing redox conditions. The chapters are based on extensive observational data, collected by the authors during sea and shore expeditions, on archive data, and on a broad range of scientific literature.