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History in Management and Organization Studies: From Margin to Mainstream
by Behlül Üsdiken Matthias KippingThere has, in recent times, been an increasing interest in history, broadly defined, among management scholars. But what specifically a historical approach or perspective can contribute to research on organizational fields, organizations, strategy etc. and how exactly such historical research should be carried out remain questions that have been answered only partially, if at all. Building on the authors’ prior and ongoing work, History in Management and Organization Studies: From Margins to Mainstream is unique in presenting a comprehensive and integrated view of how history has informed management research with a focus on organization theory and strategy. More specifically, the volume provides an overview of how the relationship been history and management scholarship has evolved from the 19th century until today, focusing mainly on the post-World War II period; and systematically surveys the kind of research programs within organization theory and strategy that have used historical data and/or history as a theoretical construct, while also identifying the remaining "blind spots". As a whole, it offers a kind of roadmap for management scholars and historians to situate their research and, hopefully, find new roads for others to travel. The book is intended for anybody conducting or planning to conduct historical research within management and organization studies, and aims, in particular, at becoming a standard feature of research methods courses in business schools and departments of management.
Composite Materials Handbook-MIL 17, Volume I: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials
by UsDeptOfDefenseThis handbook documents engineering methodologies for the development of standardized, statistically -based material property data for polymer matrix composite materials. Also provided are data summaries for a number of relevant composite material systems for which available data meets specific MIL-HNBK-17 requirements for publication. Additionall
Composite Materials Handbook-MIL 17, Volume III: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis
by UsDeptOfDefenseThis standardization handbook has been developed and is being maintained as a joint effort of the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration. It provides guidelines and material properties for polymer (organic) and metal matrix composite materials. This handbook aims to provide a standard source of statistically-based mechanical property data, procedures, and overall materials guidelines for characterization of composite material systems. This volume provides methodologies and lessons learned for the design, manufacture, and analysis of composite structures and for utilization of the material data provided in Volume II consistent with the guidance provided in Volume I. It covers processes and effects of variability; quality control of production materials; design and analysis; structural behavior of joints and reliability; thick section composites; and supportability.
The Healthy Kids Cookbook: Prize-Winning Recipes for Sliders, Chili, Tots, Salads, and More for Every Family
by Team Nutrition USDAThirty fun, fast, healthy, kid-tested and approved recipes for the whole family! If you’re looking for a collection of delicious, nutritious recipes that kids will love, look no further than The Healthy KidsCookbook! In these bright pages with full-color photographs, you’ll find thirty health-conscious recipes for a wide variety of delectable foods, and with fun names such as Porcupine Sliders, Smokin’ Powerhouse Chili, and Squish Squash Lasagna, even picky eaters are sure to love this cookbook’s meals. The recipes within serve six, include no more than fifteen commonly available ingredients, and are easy for families and home cooks to prepare. Even better, all of these healthy meals are low in total fat, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium, and each one features foods that children and adults alike should eat more of, including nutrient-rich vegetables, beans and peas, and whole grains. They’re perfect for growing kids, health-conscious families, and anyone who enjoys tasty food that’s good for you!The Healthy Kids Cookbook features fun and kid-friendly recipes such as: Oodles of NoodlesTasty TotsEagle PizzaRainbow RiceHarvest DelightStir-Fried Green Rice, Eggs, and HamConfetti SoupAnd many more!
Conspiracy Theories: A Primer
by Joseph E. Uscinski Adam M. EndersThe second edition of this popular text, updated throughout and now including Covid-19 and the 2020 presidential election and aftermath, introduces students to the research into conspiracy theories and the people who propagate and believe them. In doing so, Uscinski and Enders address the psychological, sociological, and political sources of conspiracy theorizing. They rigorously analyze the most current arguments and evidence while providing numerous real-world examples so students can contextualize the current debates. Each chapter addresses important current questions, provides conceptual tools, defines important terms, and introduces the appropriate methods of analysis.
The People's News: Media, Politics, and the Demands of Capitalism
by Joseph E. UscinskiUncovers the surprising cause behind the recent rise of fake newsIn an ideal world, journalists act selflessly and in the public interest regardless of the financial consequences. However, in reality, news outlets no longer provide the most important and consequential stories to audiences; instead, news producers adjust news content in response to ratings, audience demographics, and opinion polls. While such criticisms of the news media are widely shared, few can agree on the causes of poor news quality. The People’s News argues that the incentives in the American free market drive news outlets to report news that meets audience demands, rather than democratic ideals. In short, audiences’ opinions drive the content that so often passes off as “the news.”The People’s News looks at news not as a type of media but instead as a commodity bought and sold on the market, comparing unique measures of news content to survey data from a wide variety of sources. Joseph Uscinski’s rigorous analysis shows news firms report certain issues over others—not because audiences need to know them, but rather, because of market demands. Uscinski also demonstrates that the influence of market demands also affects the business of news, prohibiting journalists from exercising independent judgment and determining the structure of entire news markets as well as firm branding.Ultimately, the results of this book indicate profit-motives often trump journalistic and democratic values. The findings also suggest that the media actively responds to audiences, thus giving the public control over their own information environment. Uniting the study of media effects and media content, The People’s News presents a powerful challenge to our ideas of how free market media outlets meet our standards for impartiality and public service.
The Get-Your-Man-to-Marry-You Plan: Buying the Cow in the Age of Free Milk
by Lori Uscher-PinesWhat's a gal to do when her man's giving her everything she wants except a ring? This irreverent guide will help the marriage-ready woman evaluate the severity of her not-so-ready man's excuses for delaying marriage and sharpen her abilities to dismantle them. With a funny but firm hand, Lori Uscher-Pines, who herself maneuvered for a ring from her now-husband, offers the reader serious tips for securing a marriage proposal from the excuse-ridden, free-milk-gulping man she loves. Buying the Cow in the Age of Free Milk includes:*How to know if it's really time to push for a ring*The difference between me excuses, you excuses and institution of marriage excuses*The "severity" scale of common male excuses, and the associated tactics for changing his mind*Behavior fouls not to make on the quest for a proposalPushing for a proposal is about female empowerment, and this must-have guide will help the reader take control of her personal life without giving up the romantic, "then-he-got-down-on-one-knee" moment she's always imagined.
The Sol e Mar Tragedy off Martha's Vineyard (Disaster)
by Captain W. Russell Webster Uscg Elizabeth B. WebsterOn March 22, 1990, local fishermen Hokey Hokanson and his teenage son, Billy, set sail for Cape Cod in the "Sol e Mar." When disaster struck three days later, Billy transmitted a brief, heavily garbled radio distress call. A hoax call immediately followed Billy's cry for help, and believing that the two were connected, the U.S. Coast Guard did not launch rescue units for several days. The Hokansons' deaths prompted a new anti-hoax law and changed United States Coast Guard search and rescue procedures. Historian Captain W. Russ Webster, U.S. Coast Guard (Ret.), and journalist Elizabeth B. Webster chronicle the fascinating story of the "Sol e Mar" and its crew and explain the psychology of hoax callers and Coast Guard technological advancements since the tragedy.
Icebreaking Alaska
by Capt. Jeffrey Hartman UscgThe Arctic is a place of great challenges and great rewards. A century ago, it was whale oil; today, it is motor oil. The increasing open water in the warmer months is attracting cruise ships to tour the Arctic. Significant offshore oil and natural gas deposits are of great interest to an oil-dependent economy. But the history of the Arctic is full of surprises for the unwary and the unprepared, despite native peoples having managed to live there for thousands of years. Oil spills or maritime emergencies can--and do--arise a long way off from assistance. Legendary Arctic storms are, if anything, becoming more intense and dangerous. All this is in an area inaccessible by roads or by sea except for icebreakers the majority of the year. It is of extreme interest to the US Coast Guard, charged with protecting seafarers, enforcing laws, and facilitating commerce.
Meaning and Justification. An Internalist Theory of Meaning (Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science #59)
by Gabriele UsbertiThis volume develops a theory of meaning and a semantics for both mathematical and empirical sentences inspired to Chomsky’s internalism, namely to a view of semantics as the study of the relations of language not with external reality but with internal, or mental, reality. In the first part a theoretical notion of justification for a sentence A is defined, by induction on the complexity of A; intuitively, justifications are conceived as cognitive states of a particular kind. The main source of inspiration for this part is Heyting’s explanation of the intuitionistic meaning of logical constants.In the second part the theory is applied to the solution of several foundational problems in the theory of meaning and epistemology, such as Frege’s puzzle, Mates’ puzzle about synonymy, the paradox of analysis, Kripke’s puzzle about belief, the de re/de dicto distinction, the specific/non-specific distinction, Gettier’s problems, the paradox of knowability, and the characterization of truth. On a more general philosophical level, throughout the book the author develops a tight critique of the neo-verificationism of Dummett, Prawitz and Martin-Löf, and defends a mentalist interpretation of intuitionism.
Cutaneous Cryosurgery
by Richard Usatine Daniel Stulberg Graham ColverCutaneous Cryosurgery is an invaluable practical guide for the management of benign, premalignant, and malignant skin lesions. The book provides practitioners with all the information needed to add cryosurgery to their surgical repertoire. For practitioners already using cryosurgery, many pearls are provided to expand the use of cryosurgery for new
Clinical and Dermoscopic Atlas of Non-Neoplastic Dermatoses: Variability According to Phototypes
by Richard P. Usatine Aimilios Lallas Enzo Errichetti Balachandra S. AnkadDermatology is one of the most challenging branches of medicine, as diagnosis mostly relies on the morphology of the lesions. In this regard, relevant differences based on the patient’s phototype exist, and recognizing this variability increases diagnostic accuracy. This richly illustrated atlas with over 900 original illustrations, gathers the pioneering experience of international experts, and provides a detailed insight into the clinical and dermoscopic presentation of inflammatory, infiltrative and infectious dermatoses as well as hair and nail disorders for both fair and dark skin, pointing out any relevant differences according to the skin tone. This handy volume, which also includes still unpublished details and less common dermatological conditions, is intended to support the clinical practice of physicians primarily dealing with either light or dark skin and will be of help in a multiethnic context, growingly common in our globalized world. Written for dermatologists, dermato-pathologists, residents and anyone performing dermoscopy, this atlas will be a valued companion for the effective diagnosis of various skin, hair and nail disorders across the wide skin color spectrum.)
One-Dimensional Microwave Photonic Crystals: New Applications
by D. A. Usanov S. A. Nikitov A. V. Skripal D. V. PonomarevExplores theoretical and experimental studies of the properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals. The authors also consider the possibilities of controlling the characteristics of microwave photonic crystals with the help of electric and magnetic fields and provide examples of new fields of application of microwave photonic crystals. They review measurements of the parameters of layered structures containing nanometer-sized semiconductor and metal layers and explore microwave-compatible loads. Written for specialists and scientists working in the fields of radiophysics, microwave solid-state electronics, and microwave photonics. <P><P>Key selling features: <li>Presents studies of theoretical and experimental properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals <li>Analyzes microwave photonic crystals based on flat transmission lines. <li>Explores the use of electric and magnetic fields to control crystal characteristics. <li>Reviews applications of photonic crystals in semiconductors. <li>Examines one-dimensional microwave photonic crystals based on rectangular wave guides.
How to Draw and Write in Fountain Pen: A Modern Guide
by Ayano UsamuraI love the way you ink! For illustrator Ayano Usamura, her first time drawing in fountain pen was a revelation. The easy flow of ink spurred her creativity and gave character to every line. Even the simplest letters and doodles came to life! Now, with her trusty LAMY Safari in hand, Usamura shares the joy of fountain pens. You’ll learn to: ·choose the perfect pen (and take good care of it) ·simply sketch adorable foods, clothing, plants, and household objects ·write stylishly in block and cursive letters—and create narrow, bold, 3-D, serif, and calligraphy effects ·embellish journals, labels, scrapbooks, and cards with decorative frames and borders ·design layouts that bring all these elements together, and put your personal touch on seven easy crafts!How to Draw and Write in Fountain Pen includes everything you need to get started: 1.Pull-out practice paper: The paper at the end of this book is just right for pen and ink! 2.Mini tracing booklet: The booklet inside the front cover is filled with sample doodles and designs you can trace for worry-free practice. 3.Handy built-in pocket: Store the booklet, your drawings, and anything you like inside the back-cover pocket.Just add a fountain pen!
Idol, Burning: A Novel
by Rin UsamiA DECEMBER INDIE NEXT PICK!“Haunting and sincere, Idol, Burning subverts and astonishes. Rin Usami balances humor, obsession, heartbreak, and sacrifice in her debut, crafting a story that's both enveloping and expansive. Usami's writing is thrilling and deft, and her novel illuminates the shadows cloaking our digital lives, leaving us with honesty and grace in equal measures. Idol, Burning is a barnburner and a prayer and a testament to the lengths that we'll go to reach for our dreams.”—Bryan Washington, award-winning author of Memorial and LotThe novel that lit the Japanese publishing world on fire: From a breathtaking up-and-coming writer, a twenty-first century Catcher in the Rye that brilliantly explores toxic fandom, social media, and alienated adolescence.Akari is a high school student obsessed with “oshi” Masaki Ueno, a member of the popular J-Pop group Maza Maza. She writes a blog devoted to him, and spends hours addictively scrolling for information about him and his life. Desperate to analyze and understand him, Akari hopes to eventually see the world through his eyes. It is a devotion that borders on the religious: Masaki is her savior, her backbone, someone she believes she cannot survive without—even though she’s never actually met him.When rumors surface that her idol assaulted a female fan, social media explodes. Akari immediately begins sifting through everything she can find about the scandal, and shares every detail to her blog—including Masaki’s denials and pleas to his fans—drawing numerous readers eager for her updates.But the organized, knowledgeable persona Akari presents online is totally different from the socially awkward, unfocused teenager she is in real life. As Masaki's situation spirals, his troubles threaten to tear apart her life too. Instead of finding a way to break free to save herself, Akari becomes even more fanatical about Masaki, still believing her idol is the only person who understands her.A blistering novel of fame, disconnection, obsession, and disillusion by a young writer not much older than the novel’s heroine, Idol, Burning shines a white-hot spotlight on fandom and “stan” culture, the money-making schemes of the pop idol industry, the seductive power of social media, and the powerful emotional void that opens when an idol falls from grace, only to become a real—and very flawed—person.Translated from the Japanese by Asa Yoneda.
La isla feliz
by Gino UsaiLa vida está hecha para disfrutarla y todos podemos encontrar la felicidad, lo único que tenemos que hacer es buscarla. ¿TÚ ESTÁS LISTO? Las nubes de color gris oscuro llenan el cielo en él se siente muy desanimado, pasa el tiempo pensando en todas las cosas que hasta aquel momento había visto y experimentado. Su vida es diferente con respecto de muchos coetáneos suyos u desde siempre la vida te da sorpresas y en este caso él se encuentra inmerso en una realidad que le deja solo en manos de los acontecimientos. Él emprende el camino sin esperar ni pedir mucho a la vida. Los años pasan con un estado de ánimo casi de rebeldía y con pensamientos controvertidos. Durante mucho tiempo se siente extraño por lo que le rodea y muchas veces se pregunta por qué las cosas van de una manera y no de otra. Todo esto es lo que se ve y se siente antes de iniciar el cambio y así comienza su camino que cambia su manera de ver las cosas yla gente, hasta que llega a encontrar su isla feliz.
Organisational Behaviour, Communication, and Digitalisation in a Changing World
by Sam Erevbenagie Usadolo Blessing Makwambeni Queen Emwenkeke UsadoloThis book brings together leading scholars and practitioners in organizational behaviour and communication to explore the complex relationship between employees and their organisations and the associated workplace outcomes. This comprehensive volume provides insights, theories, and practical strategies to understand and address the multifaceted nature of organisational dynamics in the face of constant and accelerated change. The first section of the book delves into the theoretical foundations of organisational behaviour. Some of the contributors in this section offer a comprehensive analysis of the socio-cultural and psychological aspects that influence individual behaviour within organisations. Building upon this foundation, the subsequent sections of the book examine various dimensions of organisational behaviour, including leadership, teamwork, diversity, and conflict resolution. One of the focuses of this edited volume is the examination of emerging technologies and their effects on the operation of organisations. Hence, some of the chapters examine the management of employee-organisations using digital platforms and explore employee engagement, collaboration, the effect of organisational support, supervisor support, or lack thereof. By delving into the role of digital technologies in the context of a changing world, the book offers valuable insights into the development of contemporary organisations, especially how technology is leveraged to foster a sense of connectivity in dispersed work environments.
Organisational Communication in Africa: Navigating a Digitalising World
by Sam Erevbenagie Usadolo Blessing Makwambeni Queen Emwenkeke UsadoloThis book delves comprehensively into organisational communication in Africa in the digital age, alongside other organisational changes. This makes it a valuable resource for scholars, practitioners, and students in organisational communication, corporate communication, public relations, and development communication – both within Africa and across the globe. Through diverse perspectives and evidence-based insights, the book equips readers with the knowledge and tools needed to navigate the ever-changing organisational landscape and achieve success in our rapidly evolving world.
USA Studies Weekly: Ancient America to Reconstruction
by USA Studies Weekly: Ancient America to ReconstructionNIMAC-sourced textbook
Blueprint for Greening Affordable Housing
by Global Green UsaBlueprint for Green Affordable Housing is a guide for housing developers, advocates, public agency staff, and the financial community that offers specific guidance on incorporating green building strategies into the design, construction, and operation of affordable housing developments. A completely revised and expanded second edition of the groundbreaking 1999 publication, this new book focuses on topics of specific relevance to affordable housing including: *how green building adds value to affordable housing *the integrated design process *best practices in green design for affordable housing *green operations and maintenance *innovative funding and finance *emerging programs, partnerships, and policies Edited by national green affordable housing expert Walker Wells and featuring a foreword by Matt Petersen, president and chief executive officer of Global Green USA, the book presents 12 case studies of model developments and projects, including rental, home ownership, special needs, senior, self-help, and co-housing from around the United States. Each case study describes the unique green features of the development, discusses how they were successfully incorporated, considers the project's financing and savings associated with the green measures, and outlines lessons learned. Blueprint for Green Affordable Housing is the first book of its kind to present information regarding green building that is specifically tailored to the affordable housing development community.
Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
by U.S. War Department Jeffrey Ethell David IsbeyIn 1944 the U.S. Army published this manual for its officers in the Pacific Theater an expanded version of the original 1942 manual of the same name--and ever since, it has been the best single reference source on the wartime Japanese military available in the English language. By 1944, the army had had time to assess its enemy closely and was coming to understand him, and its vast knowledge was distilled into the handbook. The handbook details the Japanese military system, field organization, tactics, and weapons and equipment, and the strengths and weaknesses that resulted from them. Extensively illustrated, it contains sections on the Japanese special forces, the military police, uniforms and insignia, and conventional signs and abbreviations. It covers, besides the army, the Japanese Air Service, with emphasis on its tactics and organization. Issued to officers for briefings and periodically updated, the handbook's purpose was to assist in the winning of the war, and thus it strove to be absolutely reliable for its users in combat. It was compiled by a team of officers who integrated the research of others, and it contains information provided by the U.S. Marines and also by British and Australian intelligence. Packed with information, it is a major primary source that military historians and World War II buffs will find fascinating.
Nonprofit Law & Governance For Dummies
by U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley Jill Gilbert Welytok JD, CPA Daniel S. Welytok JDAs the number and size of nonprofit organizations continues to grow, NFPs are coming under ever-increasing government scrutiny. Soon Congress will require that nonprofits comply with rigorous accounting and governance standards very similar to those set forth for for-profits in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.If you work for a nonprofit and are concerned about meeting impending changes to tax and finance standards governing NFPs this book is for you. In simple, straight-forward language, this guide demystifies the often perplexing world of nonprofit governance in the age of Sarbanes-Oxley. Author, Jill Gilbert Welytok, an attorney who heads the Sarbanes-Oxley division of a major Midwest law firm, walks you step-by-step through the process of evaluating your governance structures. She arms you with tips and strategies for adopting uniform standards under current governance and tax laws, while preparing you for any upcoming changes. She shows you how to protect your tax status and reassure donors and volunteers while staying true to your organization's mission. And she fills you in on what you need to know to:Comply with state laws and regulationsGet and keep tax-exempt statusAvoid lawsuits and other legal landminesHandle the mediaAnticipate future trendsMake sense of the Sarbanes-Oxley actIncluding sample nonprofit bylaws and a complete audit committee report, Nonprofit Law & Governance for Dummies, Second Edition is an indispensable survival tool for 21st century nonprofits.
The Kavanaugh Battle: The Fight for the Supreme Court and for the Future of the U.S. with speeches by Judge Kavanaugh, Christine Ford and Senator Collins
by U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary“For the Democratic Party, the Kavanaugh battle was the Little Bighorn, as seen from General Custer’s point of view.” –Pat Buchanan, political commentator, Oct. 2018 One of the most bitter confirmation debates in U.S history has recently ended, when Justice Kavanaugh was sworn in as Justice of the Supreme Court on October 8, 2018. While the U.S. is in the midst of the most contentious period in U.S. history since the Civil War, this was another battle in the fight for the Supreme Court and for the future of the U.S. In The Kavanaugh Battle you will find a collection of the crucial speeches made during the nomination process: - the remarks by Judge Kavanaugh to the Senate Judiciary Committee; - the statement by Christine Blasey Ford accusing Kavanaugh of sexual assault in their high school years - Judge Kavanaugh’s rebuttal - Republican Senator Susan Collins’ speech in the Senate announcing her decisive vote in favor of Judge Kavanaugh’s nomination and also - the findings of Rachel Mitchell, the sex crimes prosecutor hired by the Republican majority in the Senate Judiciary Committee Christine Ford declared she was “100%” certain that Kavanaugh assaulted her. Kavanaugh stated “…I swear today under oath before the Senate and the nation before my family and God, I am innocent of this charge.” Who to believe and what to believe? Rachel Mitchell, the sex crimes prosecutor concluded: “I do not think that a reasonable prosecutor would bring this case based on the evidence before the Committee.” In the end, Senator Susan Collins of Maine, laid out in her historical speech for the Senate the legal, political and historical reasons why she voted for this nomination: “I cannot abandon certain fundamental legal principles—about due process, the presumption of innocence, and fairness…” The result was a historic victory for the Republicans: they now have a reliable conservative majority on the Supreme Court for the first time since the New Deal. But the skirmishes in U.S. politics and society are not over yet. Time will tell what the real significance of the Kavanaugh battle will be. Students of U.S. politics and American history, academics, journalists, and anyone interested in current affairs, will find this collection of speeches fascinating reading.
Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain
by U.S. National Committee on Tunneling TechnologyYucca Mountain, located on the Nevada Test Site, is being considered as a potential repository site for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. To determine the suitability of Yucca Mountain as a repository, the Department of Energy constructed an underground Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) where tests and experiments will be performed. This book addresses safety issues which will impact the construction and operation of the ESF and other similar underground facilities. The authors discuss proactive strategies for underground safety management with an emphasis on planning for safety, safety regulations, and the enforcement of such regulations. Also included are illustrations of successful approaches in creating a safe environment for those who work underground.
Twenty-First Century Ecosystems
by U.S. National Committee for DIVERSITAS Board on International Scientific Organizations National Research Council Committee for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: A Symposium Policy and Global AffairsThe two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, February 12, 2009, occurred at a critical time for the United States and the world. In honor of Darwin's birthday, the National Research Council appointed a committee under the auspices of the U.S. National Committee (USNC) for DIVERSITAS to plan a Symposium on Twenty-first Century Ecosystems. The purpose of the symposium was to capture some of the current excitement and recent progress in scientific understanding of ecosystems, from the microbial to the global level, while also highlighting how improved understanding can be applied to important policy issues that have broad biodiversity and ecosystem effects. The aim was to help inform new policy approaches that could satisfy human needs while also maintaining the integrity of the goods and services provided by biodiversity and ecosystems over both the short and the long terms. This report summarizes the views expressed by symposium participants; however, it does not provide a session-by-session summary of the presentations at the symposium. Instead, the symposium steering committee identified eight key themes that emerged from the lectures, which were addressed in different contexts by different speakers. The focus here is on general principles rather than specifics. These eight themes provide a sharp focus on a few concepts that enable scientists, environmental NGOs, and policy makers to engage more effectively around issues of central importance for biodiversity and ecosystem management.