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Information Geometry and Its Applications: On The Occasion Of Shun-ichi Amari's 80th Birthday, Liblice, Czech Republic, June 2016 (Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics #252)
by Nihat Ay Paolo Gibilisco František MatúšThe book gathers contributions from the fourth conference on Information Geometry and its Applications, which was held on June 12–17, 2016, at Liblice Castle, Czech Republic on the occasion of Shun-ichi Amari’s 80th birthday and was organized by the Czech Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Information Theory and Automation. The conference received valuable financial support from the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences (Information Theory of Cognitive Systems Group), Czech Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Information Theory and Automation, and Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata. The aim of the conference was to highlight recent advances in the field of information geometry and to identify new research directions. To this end, the event brought together leading experts in the field who, in invited talks and poster sessions, discussed both theoretical work and achievements in the many fields of application in which information geometry plays an essential role.
Internet and Distributed Computing Systems: 10th International Conference, IDCS 2017, Mana Island, Fiji, December 11-13, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #10794)
by Giancarlo Fortino A.B.M. Shawkat Ali Mukaddim Pathan Antonio Guerrieri Giuseppe Di FattaThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, IDCS 2017, held in Mana Island, Fiji, in December 2017.The 16 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. The papers focus on emerging models, paradigms, technologies and novel applications related to Internet-based distributed systems, including Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, wireless sensor networks, next-generation collaborative systems, extreme-scale networked systems, and cloud-based big data systems.
Processing of Polymer-based Nanocomposites: Processing-structure-property-performance relationships (Springer Series in Materials Science #278)
by Suprakas Sinha RayProcessing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special attention since the resultant structure—micro- and nano-level, is directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration. Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book, with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites.This book focuses heavily on the processing technologies and strategies and extensively addresses the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites, such as commodity polymers (chapter 1), engineering polymers (chapter 2), elastomers (chapter 3), thermosets (chapter 4), biopolymers (chapter 5), polymer blends (chapter 6), and electrospun polymer (chapter 7). The important role played by nanoparticles in polymer blends structures in particular is illustrated.The book is useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students (polymer engineering, materials science & engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as research & development personnel, engineers, and material scientists.
Co-Creation: Reshaping Business and Society in the Era of Bottom-up Economics (Management for Professionals)
by Jens P. Wulfsberg Tobias Redlich Manuel MoritzAcross several industries, we are observing a paradigm shift from traditional, firm-centric and top-down value creation to more open and collaborative approaches, also referred to as bottom-up economics. The boundaries of firms dissolve and external actors (customers, user, suppliers etc.) enter the domain of value creation by means of advanced information and communication technologies. These new and evolving patterns require a renewed and interdisciplinary understanding of how co-creation enables organizations to reshape business and society. With contributions from industrial and academic experts, this book provides deep insights into the theory and practice of bottom-up economics, and addresses the major opportunities and challenges that have emerged in the era of co-creation. A must read for decision-makers looking to innovate their companies' business models—from ideation to marketing. Dr.-Ing. Michaela Colla, K-GXI Leader – Industry 4.0 at Volkswagen Simply put, co-creation is the future of work. With technology morphing the way we work and young people wanting to tackle problems that matter, co-creation is the sandbox where the world can come together to solve big challenges. Plus, co-creation rapidly delivers products with built-in market fit. Megan Brewster, Vice President of Advanced Manufacturing at Launch Forth Successful leaders will co-create the future. This book is an excellent starting point.Jürgen Bilo, Managing Director co-pace GmbH, The Startup Organisation of Continental AG
Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition: Joint IAPR International Workshop, S+SSPR 2018, Beijing, China, August 17–19, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11004)
by Xiao Bai Edwin R. Hancock Tin Kam Ho Richard C. Wilson Battista Biggio Antonio Robles-KellyThis book constitutes the proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition, S+SSPR 2018, held in Beijing, China, in August 2018.The 49 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 75 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: classification and clustering; deep learning and neurla networks; dissimilarity representations and Gaussian processes; semi and fully supervised learning methods; spatio-temporal pattern recognition and shape analysis; structural matching; multimedia analysis and understanding; and graph-theoretic methods.
Regional Trajectories of Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, and Growth: The Role of History and Culture (International Studies in Entrepreneurship #40)
by Michael Fritsch Michael WyrwichThis book offers a dynamic perspective on regional entrepreneurship, knowledge, innovation and economic growth, with a particular focus on the role that history and culture play. The authors provide comprehensive empirical analyses offering unique insights into the spatial patterns of long-term differences of regional self-employment, new business formation, cultures of entrepreneurship, innovation activities, and development. Policy implications from the analyses and a discussion of important avenues for future research complete this unique book combining history, culture, and entrepreneurship.This is a superb book with an original, historical take on entrepreneurship and regional development. It is a landmark study on Germany showing that regional levels of entrepreneurship are persistent and resilient, despite many disruptive shocks.Ron Boschma, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, and Stavanger University, NorwayThis book presents the distilled wisdom of two leading authorities on the link between entrepreneurship and economic prosperity at a regional level. Although its prime empirical focus is on Germany there are clear lessons for scholars and policy-makers in all high-income countries.David J Storey, University of Sussex, UK
Processing of Polymer-based Nanocomposites: Introduction (Springer Series in Materials Science #277)
by Suprakas Sinha RayProcessing of polymer nanocomposites usually requires special attention since the resultant structure—micro- and nano-level, is directly influenced by among other factors, polymer/nano-additive chemistry and the processing strategy. This book consolidates knowledge, from fundamental to product development, on polymer nanocomposites processing with special emphasis on the processing-structure-property-performance relationships in a wide range of polymer nanocomposites. Furthermore, this book focuses on emerging processing technologies such as electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration. Additionally, the important role played by the nanoparticles in polymer blends structures has been illustrated in the current book, with special focus on fundamental aspects and properties of nanoparticles migration and interface crossing in immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites.This book introduces readers to nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites processing. After defining nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites and discussing environmental aspects, the second chapter focuses on the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials with applications in polymers. A brief overview on nanoclay and nanoclay-containing polymer nanocomposites is provided in third chapter. The fourth chapter provides an overview of the polymer nanocomposites structural elucidation techniques, such as X-ray diffraction and scattering, microscopy and spectroscopy, rheology. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the polymer nanocomposites processing technologies, among which electrospinning, which has very exciting applications ranging from medical to filtration. The last chapter provides an overview on how melt-processing strategy impact structure and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites by taking polypropylene-clay nanocomposite as a model system. The book is useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students (polymer engineering, materials science & engineering, chemical & process engineering), as well as research & development personnel, engineers, and material scientists.
Dragonfly Nymphs of North America: An Identification Guide
by Kenneth J. TennessenThis monograph is the first of its kind devoted entirely to the dragonfly nymphs of North America north of Mexico, the focus being accurate identification of the 330 species of Anisoptera that occur in the region. Nymphal external morphology is described and illustrated in detail, and all terms needed to navigate the dichotomous keys are defined. Species are tabulated with references that provide the most detailed, accurate descriptions for each; species that are inadequately described are so indicated. The key separating the seven families in the region contains several new characters. The families are then covered separately: Aeshnidae (13 genera), Gomphidae (17 genera), Petaluridae (2 genera), Cordulegastridae (2 genera), Macromiidae (2 genera), Corduliidae (7 genera), and Libellulidae (29 genera). Each family is further characterized, followed by a generic key. A drawing of the habitus and diagnostic details for each genus are provided, along with additional diagnostic remarks and notes on habitat and life cycle; for each genus, a map shows its geographic distribution in North America. Full-grown nymphs of all known species of each genus are keyed and diagnosed; characters that apply to earlier instars are noted. Morphological variation in character states was analyzed in order to assess the reliability of previously utilized characters and to discover new characters. Most of the characters used to distinguish all levels of taxa are illustrated; a total of 702 figures, comprising 1,800 original drawings, along with selected photographs where necessary for clarity, accompany the keys. Measurements of total length, head width, and other variables for each species are provided in tables. Difficulties with past keys and descriptions, including errors, omissions and other shortcomings, are addressed. The importance of nymph characters in helping solve generic and specific distinctions and their role in phylogenetic studies is emphasized. Methods for collecting, rearing, and preserving dragonfly nymphs and exuviae are presented. The final chapter discusses research opportunities on North American Anisoptera nymphs, including taxonomic needs, studies on structure and function, life history and microhabitat, water quality indices and conservation efforts. The habitus drawings of all genera are arranged according to family in five plates (Appendix I); although the book is intended as a lab manual, these plates conveniently allow for comparison based on nymph shape making field identification to genus possible in many cases. Appendix II contains a brief history of dragonfly nymph studies in North America. A glossary and an index to scientific names are included.
EngOpt 2018 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Engineering Optimization
by J. F. A. Madeira F. Moleiro J. O. Folgado J. M. Guedes A. L. Araújo C. M. Mota Soares J. Herskovits H. C. RodriguesThe papers in this volume focus on the following topics: design optimization and inverse problems, numerical optimization techniques,efficient analysis and reanalysis techniques, sensitivity analysis and industrial applications. The conference EngOpt brings together engineers, applied mathematicians and computer scientists working on research, development and practical application of optimization methods in all engineering disciplines and applied sciences.
The Ethics of Policing and Imprisonment (Palgrave Studies In Ethics And Public Policy Ser.)
by Michael Weber Molly GardnerThis volume considers the ethics of policing and imprisonment, focusing particularly on mass incarceration and police shootings in the United States. The contributors consider the ways in which non-ideal features of the criminal justice system—features such as the prevalence of guns in America, political pressures, considerations of race and gender, and the lived experiences of people in jails and prisons—impinge upon conclusions drawn from more idealized models of punishment and law enforcement. There are a number of common themes running throughout the chapters. One is the contrast between idealism and realism about justice. Another is the attention to harmful consequences, not only of prisons themselves, but to the events that often precede incarceration, including encounters with police and pre-trial detention. A third theme is the legacy of racism in the United States and the role that the criminal justice system plays in perpetuating racial oppression.
The Robot and Us: An 'Antidisciplinary' Perspective on the Scientific and Social Impacts of Robotics (Biosystems & Biorobotics #20)
by Maria Chiara CarrozzaThis book offers a clear, yet comprehensive overview of the role of robots in our society. It especially focuses on the interaction between humans and robots, and on the social and political aspects of the integration of robots with humans, in their everyday life, both in the private and working sphere alike. Based on the lessons held by the author at “Scuola di Politiche” (transl. School of Political Sciences), this self-contained book mainly addresses an educated, though not-specialist, audience.
Endocrine Disorders in Kidney Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
by Connie M. Rhee Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh Gregory A. BrentThis comprehensive book examines the complex interplay between endocrine and kidney disorders, and how this inter-relationship impacts patients with chronic kidney disease. Authored by experts in areas of endocrinology and nephrology, chapters cover a variety of topics, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, gonadal disorders, dyslipidemia, mineral bone disorders, obesity, and pituitary disorders. These comorbidities are thoroughly examined and provide the clinician, researcher, and trainee with a greater understanding of the impact of endocrine disorders on kidney disease patients, the ability to identify persistent gaps in knowledge for future investigation, and move closer towards the goal of improving the health and survival of the chronic kidney disease population.
Searching Speech Databases: Features, Techniques and Evaluation Measures (SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology)
by Leena Mary Deekshitha GThis book presents techniques for audio search, aimed to retrieve information from massive speech databases by using audio query words. The authors examine different features, techniques and evaluation measures attempted by researchers around the world. The topics covered also include available databases, software / tools, patents / copyrights, and different platforms for benchmarking. The content is relevant for developers, academics, and students.
Outdoor Recreation: Environmental Impacts and Management
by David Huddart Tim StottThis textbook presents a comprehensive overview of the environmental impacts of various types of outdoor recreation, and how these can be best managed. As a field of study, recreational ecology is both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and the authors seek to develop a deeper understanding of both the role and function of the factors that influence visitor numbers and their impact. An accessible and comprehensive textbook, it features numerous types of outdoor recreational activities including hill walking, rock climbing, mountain marathons, skiing, scuba diving and more.Drawn from several global case studies, the authors estimate the current and future numbers involved in outdoor recreation, and how best these numbers can be managed. Effective visitor impact management actions arise from collaboration between recreation ecologists, social scientists, experienced recreation managers, recreation stakeholders and the recreationalists themselves: as such, this book will be multi-disciplinary in scope. This practical and engaging textbook will be invaluable to students and scholars of outdoor recreation and adventure tourism as well as practitioners and managers working in the field.
European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2018 (European Yearbook of International Economic Law #9)
by Markus Krajewski Jörg Philipp Terhechte Marc Bungenberg Andreas R. Ziegler Christian J. TamsVolume 9 of the EYIEL focusses on natural resources law understood as a special area of international economic law. In light of increasing conflicts over access to and the use of natural resources and of their impact on political, social and environmental aspects, the contributions of this volume analyse to which extent international economic law can contribute to the sustainable exploitation, management and distribution of natural resources. The volume collects contributions on general principles of natural resources law, the importance of natural resources for trade, investment and European economic law as well as analyses of particular sectors and areas including fracking, timber, space and deep seabed mining and natural resources in the arctic region.In its section on regional developments, EYIEL 9 addresses two regional integration systems which are usually not at the centre of public interest, but which deserve all the more attention due to their special relations with Europe: The Eurasian Economic Union and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Further EYIEL sections address recent WTO and investment case law as well as developments at the IMF. The volume also contains review essays of important recent books in international economic law and other aspects of international law which are connected to international economic relations.The chapter "Sovereignty, Ownership and Consent in Natural Resource Contracts: From Concepts to Practice" by Lorenzo Cotula is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.
Digital Economy. Emerging Technologies and Business Innovation: Third International Conference, ICDEc 2018, Brest, France, May 3-5, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing #325)
by Mohamed Anis Bach Tobji Rim Jallouli Yamen Koubaa Anton NijholtThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Digital Economy, ICDEc 2018, held in Brest, France in May 2018. The conference was founded in 2016 to discuss innovative research and projects related to the support role of Information System Technologies in the digital transformation process, business innovation and e-commerce. The 15 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The theme of ICDEc 2018 was “Digital Economy: Emerging Technologies and Business Innovation”. The papers were organized in topical sections named: digital marketing; e-banking and competitive intelligence; information system technologies; and e-learning, e-government and e-health.
Biological Mechanisms of Minimal Residual Disease and Systemic Cancer (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1100)
by Julio A. Aguirre-GhisoThis book focuses on the biological mechanisms of minimal residual disease (MRD) and recurrence. It integrates this biology in solid cancers and in hematological malignancies. It reports also on technological advancements for monitoring MRD, derived from mechanistic insights. Chapters in solid and hematological malignancies address stem cell biology, genetics, epigenetics and micro-environmental regulation of dormant MRD. Novel insight into technologies for molecular phenotyping of MRD and monitoring of CTCs, DTCs and cell free RNA and DNA are also addressed extensively. Five chapters explore the above concepts in solid cancers such as prostate, breast, melanoma, head and neck and esophageal. Two chapters also explore the basic mechanisms of vascular biology targeting and epigenetic mechanisms regulating pluripotency programs during dormancy. Similar biology is explored in hematological malignancies such as T-ALL, CML, AML and multiple myeloma in additional four chapters. This book is edited and prefaced by Dr. Julio Aguirre-Ghiso, an expert in dormancy and recurrence. The chapters are written by world-recognized experts Drs. Ravi Bahtia, Samir Parekh, Russel Taichman, Monica Guzman, David Hoon, Denis Schewe, Irmela Jeremias, Cyrus Ghajar, Maria Soledad Sosa and Nicholas Stoecklein. The topic of this book is of particular interest to both basic cancer cell biologists and physician scientists that are working to provide a more integrated view of the biology of MRD and to those interested in working on or learning about this paradigm. The integrated and cross-disciplinary focus of the book from biology to medicine seeks to help bridge gaps to improve cancer care and prevent recurrences.
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: Current Techniques and Complications
by Stefano Gumina Federico Alberto Grassi Paolo PaladiniThis handbook fully investigates reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), presenting all the recent advances in the field to enable shoulder surgeons to treat patients with complex conditions, such as rotator cuff tears and instability, failed surgery and combined arthritis, or proximal humerus neoplasia.Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is becoming increasingly common because conventional total shoulder replacement may cause pain, loss of strength, simple or complex disabilities as well as limited motion, reducing general quality of life. The goal of a reverse prosthesis is to restore a painless, biomechanically valid joint. Drawing on the results of recent studies, the book covers all relevant aspects of RSA, including basic science, pathogenesis, clinical and instrumental evaluation, surgical techniques and complication management, helping readers to better understand when and how reverse shoulder arthroplasty should be implanted and what to do in cases of poor results. Written by leading shoulder specialists, the book provides surgeons and rehabilitation specialists, as well as residents and shoulder fellows, with a valuable, state-of-the-art guide for clinical practice.
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 246 (Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology #246)
by Pim De VoogtReviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.
General Medicine and Surgery for Dental Practitioners (BDJ Clinician's Guides)
by Mark Greenwood John G. MeechanAimed at the practising clinician, this book, now in its third edition, provides a welcome detailed overview of the medical and surgical conditions that affect patients seen in everyday dental practice. With patients surviving longer due to medical advances, dentists are increasingly faced with complex conditions and possibly some that they have not previously encountered. Here, treatment advice, drug interactions, and the impact of general medical and surgical conditions on treatment planning in the dental context are all covered with a comprehensive but practical approach. In addition to chapters on the implications for dental practice of disorders of each of the different body systems and immunological and infectious diseases, important aspects in particular patient groups, including cancer patients, the elderly, and the paediatric population, are identified. Overall, this book provides dentists with a practical, logical, and convenient guide of great value, helping to update knowledge and foster improved patient care.
Basic Needs, Wellbeing and Morality: Fulfilling Human Potential
by Darcia NarvaezBasic needs fulfilment is fundamental to becoming human and reaching one’s potential. Extending the BUCET list proposed by Susan Fiske - which includes belonging, understanding, control/competence, autonomy, self-enhancement, trust, purpose and life satisfaction - this book demonstrates that the fulfilment of basic needs predicts adult physical and mental health, as well as sociality and morality. The authors suggest that meeting basic needs in childhood vitally shapes one’s trajectory for self-actualization, and that initiatives aimed at human wellbeing should include a greater emphasis on early childhood experience. Through contemporaneous and retrospective research in childhood, the authors argue that basic need-fulfilment is key to the development of the self and the possibility of reaching one’s full potential. This book will be of interest to scholars of human wellbeing and societal flourishing, as well as to health workers and educators.
Imagining the Dead in British Literature and Culture, 1790–1848
by David McAllisterThis book offers the first account of the dead as an imagined community in the early nineteenth-century. It examines why Romantic and Victorian writers (including Wordsworth, Dickens, De Quincey, Godwin, and D’Israeli) believed that influencing the imaginative conception of the dead was a way to either advance, or resist, social and political reform. This interdisciplinary study contributes to the burgeoning field of Death Studies by drawing on the work of both canonical and lesser-known writers, reformers, and educationalists to show how both literary representation of the dead, and the burial and display of their corpses in churchyards, dissecting-rooms, and garden cemeteries, responded to developments in literary aesthetics, psychology, ethics, and political philosophy. Imagining the Dead in British Literature and Culture, 1790-1848 shows that whether they were lauded as exemplars or loathed as tyrants, rendered absent by burial, or made uncannily present through exhumation and display, the dead were central to debates about the shape and structure of British society as it underwent some of the most radical transformations in its history.
Teaching Migrant Children in West Germany and Europe, 1949–1992 (Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood)
by Brittany LehmanThis book examines the right to education for migrant children in Europe between 1949 and 1992. Using West Germany as a case study to explore European trends, the book analyzes how the Council of Europe and European Community’s ideological goals were implemented for specific national groups. The book starts with education for displaced persons and exiles in the 1950s, then compares schooling for Italian, Greek, and Turkish labor migrants, then circles back to asylum seekers and returning ethnic Germans. For each group, the state entries involved tried to balance equal education opportunities with the right to personhood, an effort which became particularly convoluted due to implicit biases. When the European Union was founded in 1993, children’s access to education depended on a complicated mix of legal status and perception of cultural compatibility. Despite claims that all children should have equal opportunities, children’s access was limited by citizenship and ethnic identity.
Chinese Water Systems: Volume 3: Poyang Lake Basin (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences)
by TianXiang Yue Erik Nixdorf Chengzi Zhou Bing Xu Na Zhao Zhewen Fan Xiaolan Huang Cui Chen Olaf KolditzThis volume of the Chinese Water Systems subseries offers up-to-date and comprehensive information on various aspects of the Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. Following a detailed introduction of the lake basin, the respective chapters present the findings of studies examining surface and subsurface hydrology, relationships between plant ecology and pollution of the wetlands, changes of land cover as well as the development of modern computational approaches to create Environmental Information Systems for water management. Moreover, the results are supplemented by a wealth of numerical calculations, tables, figures and photographs to make the research results more tangible. Closing with concise information on the “Research Centre for Environmental Information Science” (RCEIS), the book offers a valuable guide for researchers, teachers and professionals working in the areas of water environment, water security and ecological restoration. The projects have been supported by the Sino-German Centre for Science Promotion, the Helmholtz Association and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Quantum Chromodynamics Sum Rules (SpringerBriefs in Physics)
by Cesareo A. DominguezThis concise book provides the necessary background to allow interested readers to launch original research projects on the subject matter. Currently, this material is not available from one single source, and is either spread out over numerous journal publications, or covered in long and technical monographs. At the core of this book lies the sum rule approach to obtain analytic results in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the current theory of strong interactions among quarks and gluons. This method fully complements Lattice QCD, the corresponding computational approach based on discretizing QCD on a space-time lattice. Applications include standard determinations of hadronic particle properties with extensions to finite temperature and density, and possibly involving the presence of extreme magnetic fields. The latter cases include stellar objects (e.g. neutron stars and magnetars) as well as high-energy proton–proton and heavy-ion collisions. Further topics concern the determination of the fundamental parameters of QCD, e.g. quark masses and the quark–gluon couplings, the hadronic contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, and electromagnetic coupling at the the W-boson mass scale.